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The influence of specific aspects of occupational stress on security guards’ health and work ability: detailed extension of a previous study

Jovica Jovanović
Jovica Jovanović
, 
Ivana Šarac
Ivana Šarac
, 
Jasmina Debeljak Martačić
Jasmina Debeljak Martačić
, 
Gordana Petrović Oggiano
Gordana Petrović Oggiano
, 
Marta Despotović
Marta Despotović
, 
Biljana Pokimica
Biljana Pokimica
 and 
Blerim Cupi
Blerim Cupi
   | Dec 31, 2020
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Article Category: Original article
Published Online: Dec 31, 2020
Page range: 359 - 374
Received: Dec 01, 2019
Accepted: Dec 01, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3379
© 2020 Jovica Jovanović et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Association of specific OSI aspects scores with health impairments and permanent work disability [Mann-Whitney U test for significant differences (p) in specific OSI scores between security guards with and without specific health impairment or permanent work disability]

Health impairment/work disability presence: Specific OSI aspects scores
N High demands Strictness Conflict / uncertainty Underload Threat avoidance Noxious exposures Extrinsic time pressure
(%) Median (Min-Max) P Median (Min-Max) P Median (Min-Max) P Median (Min-Max) P Median (Min-Max) P Median (Min-Max) P Median (Min-Max) P
Hyperglycaemia yes 308 19.5 14.5 10.5 9.8 10.0 10.0 3.5
(77.2) (0.0-32.0) (7.0 - 22.5) (5.0-26.0) (0.0-22.0) (0.5 - 16.5) (0.0 - 14.0) (1.0 - 9.5)
0.003 <0.001* <0.001* 0.134 0.321 0.305 0.011
no 91 19.0 12.5 8.5 9.5 7.0 9.5 3.0
(22.8) (0.0-30.0) (6.5 - 22.0) (5.0-24.0) (0.5-21.0) (0.5 - 17.0) (0.0 - 13.5) (1.0 - 9.5)
Dyslipidaemia yes 330 19.8 14.5 10.0 9.5 10.0 10.0 3.5
(82.7) (0.0-32.0) (7.0 - 22.5) (5.0-26.0) (0.0 - 22.0) (0.5 - 16.5) (0.0 - 14.0) (1.0 - 9.5)
<0.001* <0.001* <0.001* 0.539 0.162 0.287 0.002
no 69 5.5 10.5 8.5 19.0 6.5 10.0 3.0
(17.3) (0.5-28.8) (6.5-22.0) (5.5-24.0) (0.5-21.0) (1.0 - 17.0) (0.0 - 13.5) (1.0 - 9.5)
Hypertension yes 270 19.8 14.5 10.5 9.5 9.5 10.0 3.5
(69.9) (0.0-32.0) (7.0-22.5) (5.0-26.0) (0.0 - 22.0) (0.5 - 16.5) (0.0 - 14.0) (1.0 - 9.5)
0.002 <0.001* <0.001* 0.217 0.217 0.215 0.952 0.001
no 120 14.9 13.3 8.5 11.0 9.3 10.0 3.0
(30.1) (0.0-30.0) (6.5-22.0) (5.0-24.0) (0.5-21.0) (0.5 - 17.0) (0.0 - 13.5) (1.0 - 9.5)
Metabolic syndrome yes 306 19.8 14.5 10.5 9.5 9.5 10.0 3.5
(76.7) (0.0-32.0) (7.0 - 22.5) (5.0-26.0) (0.0-22.0) (0.5 - 16.5) (0.0 - 14.0) (1.0 - 9.5)
<0.001* <0.001* <0.001* 0.661 0.344 0.414 0.003
no 93 14.9 13.3 8.5 11.0 9.3 10.0 3.0
(23.3) (0.0-30.0) (6.5-22.0) (5.0-24.0) (0.5-21.0) (0.5 - 17.0) (0.0 - 13.5) (1.0 - 9.5)
Diabetes type yes 155 25.5 20.0 21.0 4.0 5.0 3.0 7.0
(38.8) (0.5-32.0) (7.5-22.5) (5.5-26.0) (0.0-22.0) (0.5 - 16.5) (0.0 - 14.0) (1.0 - 9.5)
<0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001*
no 244 10.1 13.0 9.0 19.0 10.5 10.0 3.0
(61.2) (0.0-30.0) (6.5-22.5) (5.0-24.5) (0.5-22.0) (0.5 - 17.0) (0.0 - 13.5) (1.0 - 9.5)
Angina pectoris yes 27 28.5 21.0 24.0 3.0 5.0 2.5 8.0
(6.8) (9.5-31.5) (11.5-2.5) (5.0-26.0) (0.5-21.0) (0.5 - 15.0) (0.5 - 13.0) (2.0 - 9.5)
<0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* 0.003 <0.001* <0.001*
no 372 11.0 14.0 9.5 14.5 9.5 10.0 3.5
(93.2) (0.0-32.0) (6.5-22.5) (5.0-26.0) (0.0-22.0) (0.5 - 17.0) (0.0 - 14.0) (1.0 - 9.5)
Myocardial infarction yes 25 29.0 20.0 24.0 2.5 4.5 2.0 8.5
(6.3) (9.0-31.5) (11.5-2.5) (6.5 -26.0) (0.0-21.0) (0.5 - 16.0) (0.0 - 13.0) (2.0 - 9.5)
<0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* 0.002 <0.001* <0.001*
no 374 11.0 14.0 9.5 14.3 9.5 10.0 3.5
(93.7) (0.0-32.0) (6.5-22.5) (5.0-26.0) (0.5-22.0) (0.5 - 17.0) (0.0 - 14.0) (1.0 - 9.5)
Cerebrovascular insults yes 26 29.3 20.5 24.0 2.8 4.8 2.3 8.3
(6.5) (8.3 - 32.0) (12.5 - 2.5) (5.0 - 26.0) (0.0 - 20.5) (0.5 - 16.5) (0.0 - 12.5) (2.5 - 9.5)
<0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* 0.002 <0.001* <0.001*
no 373 11.0 14.0 9.5 14.5 9.5 10.0 3.5
(93.5) (0.0-31.5) (6.5-22.5) (5.0-26.0) (0.5-22.0) (0.5 - 17.0) (0.0 - 14.0) (1.0 - 9.5)
Eye-fundus changes yes 41 28.0 21.0 24.5 3.0 3.5 2.0 8.0
(10.3) (2.5 - 32.0) (9.0 - 22.5) (6.5 - 26.0) (0.0-21.5) (0.5 - 15.0) (0.0 - 13.0) (2.5 - 9.5)
<0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* (2.5 - 9.5) <0.001*
no 358 11.0 14.0 9.5 15.0 10.0 10.0 3.0
(89.7) (0.0-31.5) (6.5-22.5) (5.0-26.0) (0.5 - 22.0) (0.5 - 17.0) (0.0 - 14.0) (1.0 - 9.5)
Permanent work disability yes 26 28.9 20.8 24.0 3.0 5.0 2.5 8.3
(6.5) (9.5 - 32.0) (13.5 - 2.5) (6.5 - 26.0) (0.0 - 21.0) (0.5 - 16.5) (0.0 - 12.5) (2.5 - 9.5)
<0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* 0.004 <0.001* <0.001*
no 373 11.0 14.0 9.5 14.5 9.5 10.0 3.5
(93.5) (0.0-31.5) (6.5-22.5) (5.0-26.0) (0.5 - 22.0) (0.5 - 17.0) (0.0 - 14.0) (1.0 - 9.5)

Ridge (penalised) linear regression models for assessing independent impact of specific OSI aspects on health and temporary work disability indicators (with adjustment for age, BMI, smoking status, and influence of other OSI aspects)

Predictors (independent variables) Dependent (predicted) variables
Glucose Triglycerides Total cholesterol LDL cholesterol HDL cholesterol Systolic BP Diastolic BP Heart Rate Framingham risk score Lost working days
β p β P β P β P β P p p β P p p β P β P
Model including only age, BMI and smoking status
Age 0.199 <0.001* 0.223 <0.001* 0.286 <0.001* 0.296 <0.001* -0.179 <0.001* 0.150 <0.001* 0.079 0.012 0.130 <0.001* 0.553 <0.001* 0.158 <0.001*
BMI 0.597 <0.001* 0.647 <0.001* 0.627 <0.001* 0.576 <0.001* -0.368 <0.001* 0.637 <0.001* 0.608 <0.001* 0.557 <0.001* 0.402 <0.001* 0.572 <0.001*
Smoking status 0.205 <0.001* 0.149 <0.001* 0.183 <0.001* 0.195 <0.001* -0.132 <0.001* 0.149 <0.001* 0.121 <0.001* 0.196 <0.001* 0.195 <0.001* 5.465 <0.001*
Ridge parameter † 0.116 0.091 0.061 0.063 0.157 0.122 0.158 0.179 0.064 0.159
Ridge model adjusted R2 0.533 0.597 0.625 0.572 0.241 0.535 0.456 0.445 0.754 0.473
Overall ridge model p- value <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001*
Model including age, BMI, smoking status and all OSI aspects together
Age 0.048 0.136 0.055 0.078 0.051 0.100 0.059 0.089 -0.082 0.051 -0.003 0.914 -0.039 0.229 0.008 0.801 0.446 <0.001* 0.040 0.218
BMI 0.477 <0.001* 0.510 <0.001* 0.463 <0.001* 0.418 <0.001* -0.296 <0.001* 0.511 <0.001* 0.502 <0.001* 0.461 <0.001* 0.316 <0.001* 0.468 <0.001*
Smoking status 0.302 <0.001* 0.243 <0.001* 0.307 <0.001* 0.333 <0.001* -0.226 <0.001* 0.239 <0.001* 0.198 <0.001* 0.283 <0.001* 0.362 <0.001* 0.253 <0.001*
High demands 0.123 <0.001* 0.140 <0.001* 0.209 <0.001* 0.205 <0.001* -0.071 0.040 0.112 <0.001* 0.078 0.005 0.088 <0.001* 0.093 0.004 0.075 0.006
Strictness 0.275 <0.001* 0.269 <0.001* 0.272 <0.001* 0.289 <0.001* -0.244 <0.001* 0.266 <0.001* 0.256 <0.001* 0.246 <0.001* 0.218 <0.001* 0.225 <0.001*
Conflict / uncertainty 0.190 <0.001* 0.228 <0.001* 0.283 <0.001* 0.272 <0.001* -0.119 0.005 0.218 <0.001* 0.189 <0.001* 0.162 <0.001* 0.149 <0.001* 0.170 <0.001*
Underload 0.275 <0.001* 0.294 <0.001* 0.318 <0.001* 0.318 <0.001* -0.204 <0.001* 0.267 <0.001* 0.247 <0.001* 0.222 <0.001* 0.224 <0.001* 0.226 <0.001*
Threat avoidance 0.177 <0.001* 0.166 <0.001* 0.203 <0.001* 0.237 <0.001* -0.210 <0.001* 0.169 <0.001* 0.161 <0.001* 0.182 <0.001* 0.158 <0.001* 0.146 <0.001*
Noxious exposures -0.024 0.496 -0.050 0.180 -0.085 0.044 -0.066 0.153 -0.036 0.406 -0.033 0.347 -0.017 0.598 0.005 0.863 -0.023 0.527 -0.012 0.693
Extrinsic time pressure 0.029 0.448 0.020 0.607 0.020 0.646 0.031 0.518 -0.028 0.535 0.024 0.511 0.019 0.590 0.038 0.241 -0.008 0.838 0.053 0.130
Ridge parameter ‡ 0.116 0.091 0.061 0.063 0.157 0.122 0.158 0.179 0.064 0.159
Ridge adjusted model R2 0.597 0.669 0.726 0.666 0.285 0.604 0.514 0.501 0.781 0.524
Overall model p- ridge value <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001*

Inter-correlations between total OSI score and specific OSI aspects

Total OSI score High demands Strictness Conflict / uncertainty Underload Threat avoidance Noxious exposures Extrinsic time pressure
rs p rs p rs p rs p rs P rs P rs P rs P
Total OSI score - - 0.824 <0.001* 0.874 <0.001* 0.594 <0.001* -0.643 <0.001* -0.145 0.004 -0.238 <0.001* 0.701 <0.001*
High demands 0.824 <0.001* - - 0.875 <0.001* 0.389 <0.001* -0.905 <0.001* -0.212 <0.001* -0.483 <0.001* 0.748 <0.001*
Strictness 0.874 <0.001* 0.875 <0.001* - - 0.551 <0.001* -0.802 <0.001* -0.275 <0.001* -0.430 <0.001* 0.738 <0.001*
Conflict / uncertainty 0.594 <0.001* 0.389 <0.001* 0.551 <0.001* - - -0.360 <0.001* -0.676 <0.001* -0.399 <0.001* 0.528 <0.001*
Underload -0.643 <0.001* -0.905 <0.001* -0.802 <0.001* -0.360 <0.001* - - 0.285 <0.001* 0.561 <0.001* -0.725 <0.001*
Threat avoidance -0.145 0.004 -0.212 <0.001* -0.275 <0.001* -0.676 <0.001* 0.285 <0.001* - - 0.697 <0.001* -0.415 <0.001*
Noxious exposures -0.238 <0.001* -0.483 <0.001* -0.430 <0.001* -0.399 <0.001* 0.561 <0.001* 0.697 <0.001* - - -0.495 <0.001*
Extrinsic time pressure 0.701 <0.001* 0.748 <0.001* 0.738 <0.001* 0.528 <0.001* -0.725 <0.001* -0.415 <0.001* -0.495 <0.001* - -

Comparison of specific OSI aspect scores and total OSI score between security guards and other professions in Serbia

Security guards compared with other professions (reference)
Professional drivers (40, 41, 42) Banking workers (41) Electronic industry workers (41) Metal industry workers (41)
High demands ≈ ↓ ↑ ↑
Strictness ≈ ↓ ↑ ≈
Conflict/uncertainty ≈ ↓ ↑ ↑
Underload ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓
Threat avoidance ≈ ↑ ↑ ↓
Noxious exposures ≈ ↑ ↓ ↓
Extrinsic time pressure ↓ ↓ ↑ ↑
Total OSI score ≈ ≈ ↑ ≈

Specific OSI aspect scores among security guards and their contribution to total OSI score

Mean SD Median Min Max % Total OSI score Max score points % Max score
High demands 16.1 10.0 19.5 0.0 32.0 20.7 40 points 40.2
Strictness 14.9 4.5 14.0 6.5 22.5 19.1 24 points 61.9
Conflict/uncertainty 12.6 6.7 10.0 5.0 26.0 16.3 30 points 42.2
Underload 12.3 8.1 9.5 0.0 22.0 15.8 22 points 55.8
Threat avoidance 9.0 4.9 9.5 0.5 17.0 11.6 20 points 44.8
Noxious exposures 8.5 4.3 10.0 0.0 14.0 10.9 14 points 60.6
Extrinsic time pressure 4.4 2.5 3.5 1.0 9.5 5.6 10 points 43.6
Total OSI score 77.7 10.7 81.3 52.5 97.0 100.0 160 points 48.6
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