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Amelioration of the Abnormalities Associated with Metabolic Syndrome by L-Norvaline in Hyperlipidemic Diabetic Rats

S. Dobhal
S. Dobhal
, 
S. Baliyan
S. Baliyan
, 
MF. Singh
MF. Singh
, 
S. Bisht
S. Bisht
 and 
S. Setya
S. Setya
   | Feb 09, 2022
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Article Category: Original research article/Review
Published Online: Feb 09, 2022
Page range: 16 - 26
Received: Apr 03, 2021
Accepted: Oct 01, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/afpuc-2021-0015
Keywords
© 2021 S. Dobhal et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1

Effect of L-Norvaline on fasting blood sugar level in hyperlipidemic diabetic rats.All values are expressed as mean ± SEM; N=6. One way ANOVA followed by Dunnetts multiple comparison test was applied for statistical analysis. P values: *P<0.05, ***P<0.001 when the results of treatment groups were compared with the toxicant control groups.aP<0.001 when the results of toxicant control group were compared with the normal group of animals.
Effect of L-Norvaline on fasting blood sugar level in hyperlipidemic diabetic rats.All values are expressed as mean ± SEM; N=6. One way ANOVA followed by Dunnetts multiple comparison test was applied for statistical analysis. P values: *P<0.05, ***P<0.001 when the results of treatment groups were compared with the toxicant control groups.aP<0.001 when the results of toxicant control group were compared with the normal group of animals.

Figure 2

Effect of L-Norvaline on atherogenic index in hyperlipidemic diabetic rats.All values are expressed as mean ± SEM; N=6. One way ANOVA followed by Dunnetts multiple comparison test was applied for statistical analysis. P values: ***P<0.001 when the results of treatment groups were compared with the toxicant control groups.aP<0.001 when the results of toxicant control group were compared with the normal group of animals.
Effect of L-Norvaline on atherogenic index in hyperlipidemic diabetic rats.All values are expressed as mean ± SEM; N=6. One way ANOVA followed by Dunnetts multiple comparison test was applied for statistical analysis. P values: ***P<0.001 when the results of treatment groups were compared with the toxicant control groups.aP<0.001 when the results of toxicant control group were compared with the normal group of animals.

Figure 3

Effect of L-Norvaline on HOMA-IR in hyperlipidemic diabetic rats.All values are expressed as mean ± SEM; N=6. One way ANOVA followed by Dunnetts multiple comparison test was applied for statistical analysis. P values: **P<0.01 when the results of treatment groups were compared with the toxicant control groups.aP<0.001 when the results of toxicant control group were compared with the normal group of animals.
Effect of L-Norvaline on HOMA-IR in hyperlipidemic diabetic rats.All values are expressed as mean ± SEM; N=6. One way ANOVA followed by Dunnetts multiple comparison test was applied for statistical analysis. P values: **P<0.01 when the results of treatment groups were compared with the toxicant control groups.aP<0.001 when the results of toxicant control group were compared with the normal group of animals.

Figure 4

Effect of L-Norvaline on C - reactive protein in hyperlipidemic diabetic rats.All values are expressed as mean ± SEM; N=6. One way ANOVA followed by Dunnetts multiple comparison test was applied for statistical analysis. P values: *P<0.05 and ***P<0.001 when the results of treatment groups were compared with the toxicant control groups.aP<0.001 when the results of toxicant control group were compared with the normal group of animals.
Effect of L-Norvaline on C - reactive protein in hyperlipidemic diabetic rats.All values are expressed as mean ± SEM; N=6. One way ANOVA followed by Dunnetts multiple comparison test was applied for statistical analysis. P values: *P<0.05 and ***P<0.001 when the results of treatment groups were compared with the toxicant control groups.aP<0.001 when the results of toxicant control group were compared with the normal group of animals.

Figure 5

Effect of L-Norvaline on histology of pancreas in hyperlipidemic diabetic rats.(a) Microscopic section of pancreas of rats from normal control group (Hematoxylin-eosin, magnification X 100 (H&E, X 100)). (b) Microscopic section of pancreas of rats from toxicant control group (H&E, X 100). (c) Microscopic section of pancreas of rats from L-Norvaline (10 mg/kg, i.p.) treated group (H&E, X 100). (d) Microscopic section of pancreas of rats from gemfibrozil (60 mg/kg, p.o.) treated group (H&E, X 100).
Effect of L-Norvaline on histology of pancreas in hyperlipidemic diabetic rats.(a) Microscopic section of pancreas of rats from normal control group (Hematoxylin-eosin, magnification X 100 (H&E, X 100)). (b) Microscopic section of pancreas of rats from toxicant control group (H&E, X 100). (c) Microscopic section of pancreas of rats from L-Norvaline (10 mg/kg, i.p.) treated group (H&E, X 100). (d) Microscopic section of pancreas of rats from gemfibrozil (60 mg/kg, p.o.) treated group (H&E, X 100).

Effect of L-Norvaline on body weight and BMI in hyperlipidemic diabetic rats.

Groups Body weight (g) BMI
0 day of treatment 15th day of treatment 30th day of treatment 0th day of treatment 15th day of treatment 30th day of treatment
Normal animals (1ml/kg normal saline, p.o.) 230 ± 0.05 235 ± 0.42 233 ± 0.18 1.96 ± 0.06 1.95 ± 0.04 1.94 ± 0.04
Toxicant control HDR received distilled water (1ml/kg, p.o) 360 ± 1.32a 356 ± 1.96a 356 ± 2.96a 3.1 ± 0.03a 3.05 ± 3.46a 3.10 ± 1.36a
HDR received L-Norvaline (10 mg/kg, i.p.) 365 ± 2.70 310 ± 1.62 205 ± 0.28*** 3.3 ± 0.06 3.00 ± 1.62 2.34 ± 0.13***
HDR received gemfibrozil 60 mg/kg, p.o) 360 ± 1.32 270 ± 3.84* 200 ± 1.12*** 2.9 ± 0.08 2.78 ± 1.19* 2.26 ± 3.72***

Effect of L-Norvaline on hormonal parameters and nitrate level in hyperlipidemic diabetic rats.

Groups Insulin (mIU/L) Leptin (ng/ml) Adiponectin (μg/ml) Nitrates (μmol/L
Normal animals (1ml/kg normal saline, p.o.) 20.5 ± 0.8 7.8 ± 0.72 9.8 ± 0.72 350.5 ± 0.6
Toxicant control HDR received distilled water (1ml/kg, p.o) 34.7 ± 1.12a 12.2 ± 0.25a 28.2 ± 3.26a 165.23 ± 0.43a
HDR received L-Norvaline (10 mg/kg, i.p.) 24.6 ± 0.65** 9.6 ± 0.82** 10.6 ± 0.82*** 320.7 ± 0.5***
HDR received gemfibrozil 60 mg/kg, p.o) 31.6 ± 1.5 7.4 ± 0.68*** 10.4 ± 1.21*** 320.7 ± 0.5***

Effect of L-Norvaline on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes level in hyperlipidemic diabetic rats.

Groups Lipid peroxidation (nmol MDA/min/mg of tissue) Superoxide Dismutase (EU/mg of protein) Reduced Glutathione (microgram/mg of protein)
Normal animals (1ml/kg normal saline, p.o.) 45.5 ± 1.80 25.7 ± 1.42 4.4 ±1.40
Toxicant control HDR received distilled water (1ml/kg, p.o) 79.8 ± 1.25a 13.3 ± 1.31a 1.3 ±1.35a
HDR received L-Norvaline (10 mg/kg, i.p.) 68.0 ± 1.18* 15.2 ± 1.06 1.6 ± 0.54
HDR received gemfibrozil 60 mg/kg, p.o) 60.5 ± 1.88** 16.4 ± 0.75** 2.1 ± 0.22*

Effect of L-Norvaline on lipid profile in hyperlipidemic diabetic rats.

Groups HDL (mg/dl) Cholesterol (mg/dl) Triglyceride (mg/dl) LDL (mg/dl) VLDL (mg/dl)
Normal animals (1ml/kg normal saline, p.o.) 54.4 ± 1.06 60.8 ± 2.0 76.6 ± 0.56 90.2 ± 1.43 18.66 ± 1.25
Toxicant control HDR received distilled water (1ml/kg, p.o) 20.2 ± 2.94a 130.6 ± 0.64a 153.6 ± 1.19a 182.6 ± 1.47a 43.32 ± 2.98a
HDR received L-Norvaline (10 mg/kg, i.p.) 48.8 ± 3.76*** 60.6 ± 1.42*** 84.4 ± 0.82*** 76.2 ± 1.3*** 20.42 ± 0.76***
HDR received gemfibrozil 60 mg/kg, p.o) 52.2 ± 2.31*** 57.0 ± 0.84*** 79.6 ± 0.61*** 74.6 ± 1.8*** 19.74 ± 2.93***
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