<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<p>Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) are widely used due to their corrosion resistance. Austenite and ferrite determine the excellent properties. Ferrite provides strength and good corrosion resistance, while austenite provides toughness and weldability. During our research, samples were produced with ER 2209 duplex steel wire using wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). Two different 17 V and 19 V arc voltages were used during the production. Two shielding gases were used for each voltage: M12-ArC-2.5 and M12-ArHeC-20/2. The research aimed to determine the ferrite ratio as a function of the welding parameters. The ferrite (or austenite) content must be between 30% and 70% for duplex stainless steel welds, according to the ISO 17781 standard. Based on our research, it can be stated that the austenite ratio increases as the voltage increases, thus failing to fulfill the standard's requirements. The helium content reduced the ferrite ratio even when the 17 V voltage was used due to the gas's higher ionization potential. During the metallographic examination, our welded samples met the standard requirements for the austenite content for 17 V arc voltage and M12-ArC-2.5 shielding gas. The ferrite content in the entire sample cross-section fell between 30-42% during feritscope and image analysis measurements. These welding parameters can be recommended for industrial applications.</p>
</abstract>

Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) are widely used due to their corrosion resistance. Austenite and ferrite determine the excellent properties. Ferrite provides strength and good corrosion resistance, while austenite provides toughness and weldability. During our research, samples were produced with ER 2209 duplex steel wire using wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). Two different 17 V and 19 V arc voltages were used during the production. Two shielding gases were used for each voltage: M12-ArC-2.5 and M12-ArHeC-20/2. The research aimed to determine the ferrite ratio as a function of the welding parameters. The ferrite (or austenite) content must be between 30% and 70% for duplex stainless steel welds, according to the ISO 17781 standard. Based on our research, it can be stated that the austenite ratio increases as the voltage increases, thus failing to fulfill the standard's requirements. The helium content reduced the ferrite ratio even when the 17 V voltage was used due to the gas's higher ionization potential. During the metallographic examination, our welded samples met the standard requirements for the austenite content for 17 V arc voltage and M12-ArC-2.5 shielding gas. The ferrite content in the entire sample cross-section fell between 30-42% during feritscope and image analysis measurements. These welding parameters can be recommended for industrial applications.

The Effects of ArC Voltage and Shielding Gas Type on the Microstructure of Wire ArC Additively Manufactured 2209 Duplex Stainless Steel

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Budapest University of Technology and Economics

Advances in Materials Science

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) are widely used due to their corrosion resistance. Austenite and ferrite determine the excellent properties. Ferrite provides...

The Effects of ArC Voltage and Shielding Gas Type on the Microstructure of Wire ArC Additively Manufactured 2209 Duplex Stainless Steel

Published Online: Dec 20, 2023

Page range: 62 - 82

Received: Sep 09, 2023

Accepted: Oct 31, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/adms-2023-0023

Keywords
wire arc additive manufacturing, duplex steel, ferrite ratio, image analysis

© 2023 Dávid Miklós Kemény et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

The Effects of ArC Voltage and Shielding Gas Type on the Microstructure of Wire ArC Additively Manufactured 2209 Duplex Stainless Steel

Published Online: Dec 20, 2023

Page range: 62 - 82

Received: Sep 09, 2023

Accepted: Oct 31, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/adms-2023-0023

Keywordswire arc additive manufacturing, duplex steel, ferrite ratio, image analysis

© 2023 Dávid Miklós Kemény et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Keywords
wire arc additive manufacturing, duplex steel, ferrite ratio, image analysis