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Impact of Variable Technological and Quality Factors on the Efficiency of Filtration Processes Using Dynasand Filters and Lamella Separator

Iwona Wiewiórska
Iwona Wiewiórska
   | Jul 20, 2023
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Published Online: Jul 20, 2023
Page range: 177 - 187
Received: Mar 28, 2023
Accepted: May 30, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/acee-2023-0027
Keywords
© 2023 Iwona Wiewiórska, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Technological diagram of the WTP in Stary Sącz
Technological diagram of the WTP in Stary Sącz

Figure 2.

Histogram of the frequency of turbidity reported in water after DynaSand filters (2018–2022)
Histogram of the frequency of turbidity reported in water after DynaSand filters (2018–2022)

Figure 3.

Water color values before and after filtration on DynaSand filters (2018–2022)
Water color values before and after filtration on DynaSand filters (2018–2022)

Figure 4.

Impact of variable flows on filtration effects
Impact of variable flows on filtration effects

Figure 5.

Impact of variable retention times on the filters on filtration effects
Impact of variable retention times on the filters on filtration effects

Figure 6.

Distribution of water turbidity after Lamella, before and after DynaSand filters
Distribution of water turbidity after Lamella, before and after DynaSand filters

Figure 7.

Color distribution of water after Lamella, before and after DynaSand filters
Color distribution of water after Lamella, before and after DynaSand filters

Figure 8.

Distribution of UVA254nm in water after Lamella, before and after DynaSand filters
Distribution of UVA254nm in water after Lamella, before and after DynaSand filters

Percentage of bacteria removal after DynaSand filters

2018–2022
min. average max. Value min. average
min. average max.
coli group bacteria, jtk·100cm−1 before Dyna Sand filters 84 10 1226 3468 1122 725
after Dyna Sand filters 162 0 63 319 50 63
reduction, % 84 20.0 93.3 100.0 96.4 11.4
Enterococcus faecalis, jtk·100cm−1 before Dyna Sand filters 107 0 248 2000 150 310
after Dyna Sand filters 168 0 10 98 6 14
reduction, % 107 32.0 91.9 100.0 93.0 12.5
Clostridium perfringens, jtk·100cm−1 before Dyna Sand filters 98 16 158 1000 119 141
after Dyna Sand filters 166 0 3 5 1 5
reduction, % 98 72.2 97.5 100.0 99.0 4.0

Results of the analyses of physico-chemical indicators at individual stages of technological processes

2018–2022
Indicator Unit Sampling point Number of samples Value median standard deviation
min. average max.
temperature, °C before Dyna Sand filters 869 0.70 11.80 22.90 11.80 5.60
after Dyna Sand filters 869 2.60 12.00 21.10 12.20 5.00
before Lamella separator 415 2.40 11.93 21.80 12.10 5.31
after Lamella separator 330 2.90 12.47 21.80 12.50 5.32
pH before Dyna Sand filters 881 7.20 - 8.70 8.20 0.10
after Dyna Sand filters 881 7.10 - 8.30 7.80 0.20
before Lamella separator 417 7.03 7.98 8.47 8.06 0.25
after Lamella separator 413 7.03 8.05 9.18 8.09 0.18
conductivity, µS/cm before Dyna Sand filters 881 270.00 391.00 578.00 387.00 35.70
after Dyna Sand filters 881 269.00 390.00 576.00 384.00 36.00
before Lamella separator 419 240.00 340.00 553.00 325.00 56.50
after Lamella separator 416 227.00 325.00 487.00 326.00 26.14
turbidity, NTU before Dyna Sand filters 869 0.57 5.94 133.00 4.00 6.55
after Dyna Sand filters 869 0.09 0.22 0.81 0.20 0.06
before Lamella separator 397 9.23 36.38 278.00 30.50 25.02
after Lamella separator 397 2.70 10.45 55.60 9.30 5.2
color, mgPt·dm−3 before Dyna Sand filters 869 3.9 15.24 182.00 14.1 7.7
after Dyna Sand filters 869 1.8 4.2 8.99 4.1 0.9
before Lamella separator 389 5.8 72.2 288.0 72.7 30.7
after Lamella separator 389 3.9 24.9 91.1 24.0 10.6
UVA 254nm− before Dyna Sand filters 866 0.123 0.302 1.450 0.290 0.076
after Dyna Sand filters 866 0.070 0.140 0.257 0.139 0.024
before Lamella separator 388 0.151 0.306 1.037 0.286 0.124
after Lamella separator 388 0.093 0.158 0.392 0.150 0.042
KMnO4 index mgO2· dm−3 before Dyna Sand filters 318 1.00 2.44 4.10 2.44 0.45
after Dyna Sand filters 318 0.21 1.32 2.30 1.36 0.34
dry residue 105°C, % before Dyna Sand filters 55 170.0 226.4 328.5 226.0 32.3
after Dyna Sand filters 55 120.0 204.4 304.0 205.0 33.3
Fe total, mg· dm−3 before Dyna Sand filters 196 0.0080 0.1370 2.4800 0.0750 0.2390
after Dyna Sand filters 196 0.0000 0.0112 0.1300 0.0100 0.0117
Mn, mg·dm−3 before Dyna Sand filters 56 0.0004 0.0142 0.0438 0.0094 0.0121
after Dyna Sand filters 35 0.0000 0.0004 0.0017 0.0004 0.0003
chlorides, mg·dm−3 before Dyna Sand filters 115 8.50 13.51 18.00 14.00 2.17
after Dyna Sand filters 114 10.00 13.32 18.00 13.00 1.78
sulfur, mg·dm−3 before Dyna Sand filters 115 0.00 19.34 33.60 20.20 5.18
after Dyna Sand filters 114 8.70 20.48 30.70 20.80 4.21
phosphates, mg·dm−3 before Dyna Sand filters 114 0.000 0,030 0,140 0,020 0,032
after Dyna Sand filters 93 0.000 0.014 0.084 0.010 0.016
ammonia, mg·dm−3 before Dyna Sand filters 230 0,000 0.040 1.290 0.030 0.086
after Dyna Sand filters 230 0,000 0.009 0.060 0.000 0.014
nitrites, mg·dm−3 before Dyna Sand filters 115 0.000 0.011 0.090 0.010 0.011
after Dyna Sand filters 112 0.000 0.001 0.021 0.001 0.003
nitrates, mg·dm−3 before Dyna Sand filters 115 1.63 8.85 18.40 8.70 3.11
after Dyna Sand filters 111 3.54 8.99 30.11 8.20 3.58

Results of the analyses of technological factors and the effectiveness of pollutant removal in the technological system

2018–2022
Indicator Unit Sampling point Number of samples Value median standard deviation
min. average max.
flow, m3·h−1 Dyna Sand filters 767 100.0 306.3 466.0 351.0 97.2
Lamella separator 724 26.8 40.3 46.3 40.4 2.3
retention time, minute Dyna Sand filters 767 17.4 30.7 81.0 23.1 14.0
Lamella separator 724 16.2 18.7 28.0 18.6 1.2
filtration speed, m·h−1 Dyna Sand filters 767 1.5 4.5 6.9 5.2 1.4
coagulant dose, m·h−1 Dyna Sand filters 767 31,0 733 7021 415.2 686
Lamella separator 643 147 319 760 318 79.2
turbidity reduction, % Dyna Sand filters 869 63.3 93.2 99.6 94.9 5.6
Lamella separator 396 35.5 67.16 97.79 68.32 12.45
color reduction, % Dyna Sand filters 868 29.0 69.7 98.3 71.1 10,0
Lamella separator 388 24.9 63.3 90.3 63.9 11.8
UVA 254nm reduction, % Dyna Sand filters 865 26.2 52.6 93.0 52.4 8.1
Lamella separator 385 20.2 46.2 79.9 45.6 8.8
KMnO4 index reduction, % Dyna Sand filters 318 19.5 45.7 89.3 44.3 11.8
dry residue reduction, % Dyna Sand filters 55 0.5 9.7 34.1 7.5 7.6
Fe total reduction, % Dyna Sand filters 196 6.2 86.2 100.0 90.6 15.8
Mn reduction, % Dyna Sand filters 35 74.2 96.4 100.0 98.0 4.9
chlorides reduction, % Dyna Sand filters 114 0.0 4.8 25.0 0.0 6.3
sulfur reduction, % Dyna Sand filters 114 10.3 19.65 33.6 19.7 3.9
phosphates reduction, % Dyna Sand filters 93 0.0 49.6 100.0 54.9 35.1
ammonia reduction, % Dyna Sand filters 230 0.0 76.9 100.0 100.0 31.4
nitrites reduction, % Dyna Sand filters 112 25 90.2 100.0 93.2 13.7
nitrates reduction, % Dyna Sand filters 111 0.0 9.5 44.1 4.2 11.8
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