Open Access

Exploring Key Quality Indicators (KQIS) in Green Office Buildings Through Pareto Analysis

Fahriye Hilal Halicioglu
Fahriye Hilal Halicioglu
, 
Hande Betul Demirkapi
Hande Betul Demirkapi
, 
Kubra Gurel
Kubra Gurel
 and 
Nurdan Kasul
Nurdan Kasul
   | Jul 20, 2023
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Published Online: Jul 20, 2023
Page range: 15 - 27
Received: Nov 17, 2022
Accepted: Jun 20, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/acee-2023-0012
Keywords
© 2023 Fahriye Hilal Halicioglu et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Six main groups of 37 quality indicators (Source: Elaborated by the authors)
Six main groups of 37 quality indicators (Source: Elaborated by the authors)

Figure 2.

Pareto chart for all 37 QIs (Vital Few: key Quality Indicators – kQIs) (Source: Elaborated by the authors)
Pareto chart for all 37 QIs (Vital Few: key Quality Indicators – kQIs) (Source: Elaborated by the authors)

Categorization of 37 quality indicators (QIs) for green office buildings [Elaborated by the authors]

Quality Indicators Sources
INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
Indoor Thermal Quality
Overall perceived thermal quality Geng et al., 2020; Kim & Kim, 2020; Altomonte et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2019; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Pei et al., 2015; Gou et al., 2014; Liang et al., 2014; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Altomonte&Schiavon, 2013; Gou et al., 2013; Gou&Lau, 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Newsham et al., 2013; Deuble&de Dear, 2012; Frontczak et al., 2012; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012b; Gou et al., 2012c; Hodgson, 2008; Lee, 2011; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Brown et al., 2010; Lee&Guerin., 2010.
Temperature in winter Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017; Pei et al., 2015; Gou et al., 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2013; Gou&Lau, 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012b; Gou et al., 2012c; Armitage et al., 2011; Brown et al., 2010.
Temperature in summer Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017; Pei et al., 2015; Gou et al., 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2013; Gou&Lau, 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012b; Gou et al., 2012c; Armitage et al., 2011; Brown et al., 2010.
Temperature in transition seasons Liu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017; Pei et al., 2015.
Temperature stability in winter Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Gou & Lau, 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Armitage et al., 2011.
Temperature stability in summer Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Gou & Lau, 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Armitage et al., 2011.
Humidity Geng et al., 2020; Lee et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017; Liang et al., 2014; Menadue et al., 2013; Armitage et al., 2011; Monfared&Sharples, 2011.
Indoor Air Quality
Overall perceived air quality(air cleanliness, freshness, dryness, odours etc.) Geng et al., 2020; Kim&Kim, 2020; Altomonte et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2019; Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Pei et al., 2015; Liang et al., 2014; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Altomonte&Schiavon 2013; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Newsham et al., 2013; Deuble&de Dear, 2012; Frontczak et al., 2012; Armitage et al., 2011; Hodgson, 2008; Lee, 2011; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Brown et al., 2010; Lee&Guerin, 2010.
Air quality in winter Gou et al., 2014; Gou et al., 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012b; Gou et al., 2012c; Lee, 2011; Brown et al., 2010.
Air quality in summer Gou et al., 2014; Gou et al., 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012b; Gou et al., 2012c; Lee, 2011; Brown et al., 2010.
Air movement/ventilation Kim&Kim, 2020; Altomonte et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2019; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017.
Indoor Lighting Quality
Overall perceived lighting quality Geng et al., 2020; Kim & Kim, 2020; Lee et al., 2019; Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Pei et al., 2015; Liang et al., 2014; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Altomonte&Schiavon 2013; Gou et al., 2013; Hirning et al., 2013; Newsham et al., 2013; Deuble&de Dear, 2012; Frontczak et al., 2012; Gou et al., 2012b; Gou et al., 2012c; Hodgson, 2008; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Brown et al., 2010; Lee&Guerin., 2010.
Natural lighting (daylight) Altomonte et al., 2019;Lee et al., 2019;Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017; Gou et al., 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Altomonte &Schiavon 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012c; Armitage et al., 2011.
Artificial lighting Altomonte et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2019; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017; Gou et al., 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Altomonte&Schiavon 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012c; Armitage et al., 2011.
Glare from natural lighting Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Gou et al., 2014; Liang et al., 2014; Hirning et al., 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Newsham et al., 2013; Armitage et al., 2011; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012c.
Glare from artificial light Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Gou et al., 2014; Liang et al., 2014; Hirning et al., 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Newsham et al., 2013; Armitage et al., 2011; Monfared&Sharples, 2011, Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012c.
Indoor Acoustic Quality
Overall acoustic quality Lee et al., 2019; Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Liu et al., 2018; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Fieldson&Sodagar, 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Pei et al., 2015; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Altomonte&Schiavon 2013; Gou et al., 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Newsham et al.,2013; Gou et al., 2012c; Frontczak et al., 2012; Armitage et al., 2011; Hodgson, 2008; Brown et al., 2010.
Noise from inside Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Gou et al., 2014; Liang et al., 2014; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012c; Hodgson, 2008.
Noise from colleagues Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Gou et al., 2014; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012c; Hodgson, 2008.
Noise from outside Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Gou et al., 2014; Liang et al., 2014; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012c; Hodgson, 2008.
Unwanted interruptions Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Gou et al., 2014; Menadue et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012c; Hodgson, 2008.
PERSONAL CONTROL
Personal control on temperature Geng et al., 2020; Altomonte et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2019; Pastore&Andersen, 2019;Liu et al., 2018; Pei et al., 2015; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Deuble&de Dear, 2012; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012b; Armitage et al., 2011; Monfared&Sharples, 2011, Brown et al., 2010; Lee&Guerin., 2010.
Personal control on lighting Geng et al., 2020; Lee et al., 2019; Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2012; Armitage et al., 2011; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Brown et al., 2010; Lee&Guerin., 2010.
Personal control on ventilation (in terms of natural, mechanical or mixed ventilation systems) Geng et al., 2020; Kim&Kim, 2020; Lee et al., 2019; Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Deuble&de Dear, 2012; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012b; Armitage et al., 2011; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Brown et al., 2010; Lee&Guerin, 2010.
Personal control on noise Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2012; Armitage et al., 2011; Brown et al., 2010.
WORKSPACE DESIGN QUALITY
Spatial layout/Office type (Enclosed-private, enclosed-shared, cubicles, open office-no partitions) Lee et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Pei et al., 2015; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Hodgson, 2008; Brown et al., 2010.
The amount of space and area per person Liu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Brown et al., 2010.
Ease of Interaction Liu et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Frontczak et al., 2012”
View to the outside Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013.
Visual privacy Lee et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Pei et al., 2015; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Altomonte&Schiavon 2013; Frontczak et al., 2012; Armitage et al., 2011; Monfared &Sharples, 2011, Brown et al., 2010.
Sound privacy Lee et al., 2019; Altomonte et al., 2017; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Altomonte&Schiavon, 2013; Frontczak et al., 2012; Armitage et al., 2011; Hodgson, 2008; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Brown et al., 2010.
Colours and textures Lee et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Frontczak et al., 2012; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Brown et al., 2010.
Comfort of furnishing Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Lin et al., 2016; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Frontczak et al., 2012; Hodgson, 2008; Monfared&Sharples, 2011; Brown et al., 2010.
PERCEIVED HEALTH
The perceived feeling of health and wellbeing Geng et al., 2020; Lee et al., 2019; Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Pei et al., 2015; Gou et al., 2014; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Deuble&de Dear, 2012; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012b; Armitage et al., 2011; Lee, 2011; Brown et al., 2010; Lee&Guerin., 2010.
PERCEIVED PRODUCTIVITY
The perceived feeling of productivity (job performance) Geng et al., 2020; Lee et al., 2019; Pastore&Andersen, 2019; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Pei et al., 2015; Gou et al., 2014; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Agha-Hossein et al., 2013; Gou et al., 2013; Menadue et al., 2013; Deuble&de Dear, 2012; Gou et al., 2012a; Gou et al., 2012b; Armitage et al., 2011; Lee, 2011; Brown et al., 2010; Lee&Guerin., 2010.
FACILITY MANAGEMENT
Operating &Maintenance Liu et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Pei et al., 2015; Schiavon&Altomonte, 2014; Frontczak et al., 2012; Hodgson, 2008.
Building cleanliness Altomonte et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2018; Khoshbakht et al., 2018; Sant’Anna et al., 2018; Altomonte et al., 2017; Lin et al., 2016; Sediso&Lee, 2016; Pei et al., 2015; Schiavon& Altomonte, 2014; Altomonte&Schiavon, 2013; Frontczak et al., 2012; Hodgson, 2008.

The frequency distributions of 37 quality indicators (QIs) [Elaborated by the authors]

Code Main Groups of Quality Indicators (QIs) Quality Indicators (QIs) Personal control on ventilation
QI-1 INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Indoor Thermal Quality Overall perceived thermal quality 29
QI-2 Temperature in winter 16
QI-3 Temperature in summer 16
QI-4 Temperature in transition seasons 4
QI-5 Temperature stability in winter 4
QI-6 Temperature stability in summer 4
QI-7 Humidity 9
QI-8 Indoor Air Quality Overall perceived air quality 27
QI-9 Air quality in winter 8
QI-10 Air quality in summer 8
QI-11 Air movement/ventilation 6
QI-12 Indoor Lighting Quality Overall perceived lighting quality 23
QI-13 Natural lighting (daylight) 13
QI-14 Artificial lighting 13
QI-15 Glare from natural lighting 10
QI-16 Glare from artificial light 10
QI-17 Indoor Acoustic Quality Overall acoustic quality 21
QI-18 Noise from inside 6
QI-19 Noise from colleagues 5
QI-20 Noise from outside 6
QI-21 Unwanted interruptions 6
QI-22 CONTROL PERSONAL Personal control on temperature 14
QI-23 Personal control on lighting 9
QI-24 Personal control on ventilation 11
QI-25 Personal control on noise 5
QI-26 WORKSPACE DESIGN QUALITY Spatial layout / Office type 12
QI-27 The amount of space and area per person 8
QI-28 Ease of Interaction 6
QI-29 View to the outside 4
QI-30 Visual privacy 13
QI-31 Sound privacy 10
QI-32 Colors and textures 9
QI-33 Comfort of furnishing 11
QI-34 PERCEIVED HEALTH The perceived feeling of health and wellbeing 18
QI-35 PERCEIVED PRODUCTIVITY The perceived feeling of productivity 18
QI-36 FACILITY MANAGEMENT Operating & Maintenance 7
QI-37 Building cleanliness 12
∑= 411

Main characteristics of the selected 34 research articles according to their user satisfaction case studies conducted based on the real data of green office buildings [Elaborated by the authors]

Source Location / Country Green building status No. of buildings Method of case study analysis
Geng et al., 2020 [28] China GBL14 Three-Star6 Two-Star 20 User satisfaction surveys; CBEOn-site physical measurements
Kim & Kim, 2020 [29] South Korea G-SEED&LEED 1 User satisfaction surveys; POE
Altomonte et al.,2019 [19] USA Canada 22 LEED CI58 LEED NC13 LEED EB 93 User satisfaction surveys; CBE
Lee et al., 2019 [6] Singapore GM 8 User satisfaction surveys; CBEOn-site physical measurements
Pastore & Andersen, 2019 [7] Switzerland Minergie certification 4 User satisfaction surveys; POEPoint-in-time IEQ monitoring
Khoshbakht et al., 2018 [30] Australia Green-Star 5 User satisfaction surveys; BUS
(Liu et al., 2018 [31] China GBL/Three-Star 3 User satisfaction surveys
Sant’Anna et al., 2018 [32] Brazil LEED NC 3 User satisfaction surveys
Altomonte et al., 2017 [33] UK 2 BREEAM 2 User satisfaction surveys; CBEPoint-in-time IEQ monitoring
Fieldson & Sodagar, 2017 [34] UK BREEAM 1 User satisfaction surveys; POE
Lin et al., 2016 [35] China GBL 10 User satisfaction surveys
Sediso & Lee, 2016 [36] South Korea KGBCC 2 User satisfaction surveys; CBE
Pei et al., 2015 [37] China GBLLEED NC 10 User satisfaction surveys;On-site physical measurements
Gou et al., 2014 [38] China 4 LEED NC5GBL/Three-Star 9 User satisfaction surveys; BUS
Liang et al., 2014 [39] Taiwan EEWH 3 User satisfaction surveys; POEOn-site physical measurements
Schiavon & Altomonte, 2014 [40] USA 65 LEED79 non-LEED 144 User satisfaction surveys; CBE
Altomonte & Schiavon 2013 [4] USA 65 LEED79 non-LEED 144 User satisfaction surveys; CBE
Agha-Hossein et al., 2013 [41] UK BREEAM 1 User satisfaction surveys: POE
Gou et al., 2013 [42] China 5 GBL4 LEED NC 9 User satisfaction surveys; BUS
Gou & Lau, 2013 [43] China GBL 1 User satisfaction surveys; BUSOn-site physical measurements
Hirning et al., 2013 [44] Australia Green Star 3 User satisfaction surveys; POEOn-site physical measurements
Menadue et al., 2013 [45] Australia Green Star 4 User satisfaction surveys; BUSOn-site physical measurements
Newsham et al., 2013 [10] USA and Canada 7 LEED2 Green-certified 9 User satisfaction surveys; POEOn-site physical measurements
Deuble & de Dear, 2012 [9] Australia Green Star 2 User satisfaction surveys; BUSOn-site physical measurements
Frontczak et al., 2012 [13] USA LEED 351 User satisfaction surveys; CBE
Gou et al., 2012a [18] China GBL & LEED NC 2 User satisfaction surveys; BUS
Gou et al., 2012b [46] China GBL Three-Star 1 User satisfaction surveys; BUS
Gou et al., 2012c [47] China LEED CI 2 User satisfaction surveys; BUS
Armitage et al., 2011 [48] Australia Green Star 31 User satisfaction surveys
Lee, 2011 [17] USA LEED NCLEED CI 15 User satisfaction surveys; CBE
Monfared & Sharples, 2011 [49] UK BREEAM 2 User satisfaction surveys
Brown et al., 2010 [16] Canada LEED NC 1 User satisfaction surveys; BUS
Lee & Guerin., 2010 [50] USA LEED NCLEED CILEED EB 5 User satisfaction surveys; CBE
(Hodgson, 2008) [51] USA LEED 6 User satisfaction surveysOn-site physical measurements

Pareto analysis of all 37 Quality Indicators (QIs) [Elaborated by the authors]

Code Quality Indicators (QIs) Count of occurrences (Frequency)(n) Percentage of occurrences (%) Cumulative percentage of occurrences (%)
Vital few (key Quality Indicators-kQIs) QI-1 Overall perceived thermal quality 29 7.06% 7.06%
QI-8 Overall perceived air quality 27 6.57% 13.63%
QI-12 Overall perceived lighting quality 23 5.60% 19.23%
QI-17 Overall acoustic quality 21 5.11% 24.34%
QI-34 The perceived feeling of health and wellbeing 18 4.38% 28.72%
QI-35 The perceived feeling of productivity 18 4.38% 33.10%
QI-2 Temperature in winter 16 3.89% 36.99%
QI-3 Temperature in summer 16 3.89% 40.88%
QI-22 Personal control on temperature 14 3.41% 44.29%
QI-13 Natural lighting (daylight) 13 3.16% 47.45%
QI-14 Artificial lighting 13 3.16% 50.61%
QI-30 Visual privacy 13 3.16% 53.77%
QI-26 Spatial layout/Office type 12 2.92% 56.69%
QI-37 Building cleanliness 12 2.92% 59.61%
QI-24 Personal control on ventilation 11 2.68% 62.29%
QI-33 Comfort of furnishing 11 2.68% 64.97%
QI-15 Glare from natural lighting 10 2.43% 67.40%
QI-16 Glare from artificial light 10 2.43% 69.83%
QI-31 Sound privacy 10 2.43% 72.26%
QI-7 Humidity 9 2.19% 74.45%
QI-23 Personal control on lighting 9 2.19% 76.64%
QI-32 Colors and textures 9 2.19% 78.83%
QI-27 The amount of space and area per person 8 1.95% 80.78%
Useful many QI-9 Air quality in winter 8 1.95% 82.73%
QI-10 Air quality in summer 8 1.95% 84.68%
QI-36 Operating & Maintenance 7 1.70% 86.38%
QI-11 Air movement/ventilation 6 1.46% 87.84%
QI-18 Noise from inside 6 1.46% 89.30%
QI-20 Noise from outside 6 1.46% 90.76%
QI-21 Unwanted interruptions 6 1.46% 92.22%
QI-28 Ease of Interaction 6 1.46% 93.68%
QI-19 Noise from colleagues 5 1.22% 94.90%
QI-25 Personal control on noise 5 1.22% 96.12%
QI-4 Temperature in transition seasons 4 0.97% 97.09%
QI-5 Temperature stability in winter 4 0.97% 98.06%
QI-6 Temperature stability in summer 4 0.97% 99.03%
QI-29 View to the outside 4 0.97% 100%
∑= 411 100%
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