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Degradation of Bisphenol A and Pyrene from Highway Retention Basin Water Using Ultrasound Enhanced by UV Irradiation

Jakub COPIK
Jakub COPIK
, 
Edyta KUDLEK
Edyta KUDLEK
 and 
Mariusz DUDZIAK
Mariusz DUDZIAK
   | Aug 09, 2022
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Published Online: Aug 09, 2022
Page range: 135 - 148
Received: Mar 07, 2022
Accepted: May 10, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/acee-2022-0021
Keywords
© 2022 Jakub COPIK et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Experimental setup used in the study
Experimental setup used in the study

Figure 2.

Ultrasound intensity influence on BPA degradation (9, 17, 26 and 43 W/cm2)
Ultrasound intensity influence on BPA degradation (9, 17, 26 and 43 W/cm2)

Figure 3.

Ultrasound intensity influence on PYR degradation (9, 17, 26 and 43 W/cm2)
Ultrasound intensity influence on PYR degradation (9, 17, 26 and 43 W/cm2)

Figure 4.

Ultrasound influence on BPA degradation at pulse ultrasonication modes (R=4:2, R=2:4) and continuous mode (R=cont)
Ultrasound influence on BPA degradation at pulse ultrasonication modes (R=4:2, R=2:4) and continuous mode (R=cont)

Figure 5.

Ultrasound influence on PYR degradation at pulse ultrasonication modes (R=4:2, R=2:4) and continuous mode (R=cont)
Ultrasound influence on PYR degradation at pulse ultrasonication modes (R=4:2, R=2:4) and continuous mode (R=cont)

Figure 6.

The degradation rate of BPA in US/UV and US process (intensity of 43 W/cm2)
The degradation rate of BPA in US/UV and US process (intensity of 43 W/cm2)

Figure 7.

The degradation rate of PYR in US/UV and US process (Intensity of 43 W/cm2)
The degradation rate of PYR in US/UV and US process (Intensity of 43 W/cm2)

Figure 8.

Pathway of generation of BPA decomposition by-product (where: 1) BPA, 2) 4-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]benzene-1,2-diol, 3) 4,4’-isopropylidenebiscatechol, 4) 4-(2-hydroxy-2-propanyl) phenol, 5) 4’-hydroxyacetophenone, 6) 1,4-benzoquinone)
Pathway of generation of BPA decomposition by-product (where: 1) BPA, 2) 4-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]benzene-1,2-diol, 3) 4,4’-isopropylidenebiscatechol, 4) 4-(2-hydroxy-2-propanyl) phenol, 5) 4’-hydroxyacetophenone, 6) 1,4-benzoquinone)

Figure 9.

Pathway of generation of PRN decomposition by-product (where: 1) PRN, 2) 1-hydroxypyrene, 3) 3-phenanthrenol, 4) 4-phenanthrenol, 5) 9-phenanthrenol, 6) 1,2-benzenediol, 7) 1,4-benzoquinone)
Pathway of generation of PRN decomposition by-product (where: 1) PRN, 2) 1-hydroxypyrene, 3) 3-phenanthrenol, 4) 4-phenanthrenol, 5) 9-phenanthrenol, 6) 1,2-benzenediol, 7) 1,4-benzoquinone)

Figure 10.

Toxicity of the samples after US/UV treatment for BPA removal
Toxicity of the samples after US/UV treatment for BPA removal

Figure 11.

Toxicity of the samples after US/UV treatment for PYR removal
Toxicity of the samples after US/UV treatment for PYR removal

Parameters of the ultrasonication process

Compound (-) I (W/cm2) P (W) Pa (MPa) k (1/min) t(1/2) (min)
BPA 9 12 0.52 0.053 13
17 22 0.71 0.110 6
26 35 1.02 0.213 3
43 57 1.14 0.320 2
PYR 9 12 0.52 0.018 39
17 22 0.71 0.036 19
26 35 1.02 0.052 13
43 57 1.14 0.21 3

Chemical and physical properties of tested compounds [6]

Property Value/description
  BPA PYR
Molecular formula C15H16O2 C6H10
Molecular weight 228.29 g mol-1 202.25 g mol-1
Boiling point 360°C 404°C
Melting point 160°C 151°C
Solubility in water at 25°C 300 mg L-1 0.135 mg L-1
Octanol-water partition coefficient Log (Kow) 3.32 5.18

BPA and PRN intermediates identified in samples after ultrasonication

Compound Intermediate Process time, min
1 5 10 20 30
BPA 4-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]benzene-1,2-diol - - - + +
  4,4′-isopropylidenebiscatechol - - - + +
  4′-hydroxyacetophenone - - - - +
  4-hydroxybenzoic acid - - - - +
PYR 1-hydroxypyrene - - + + +
  3-phenanthrenol - - - + +
  9-phenanthrenol - - - + +
  1,4-benzoquinone - - - - +

BPA and PRN intermediates identified in samples after ultrasonication supported by UV light

Compound Intermediate Process time, min
1 5 10 20 30
BPA 4-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]benzene-1,2-diol - + + + +
  4,4′-isopropylidenebiscatechol - + + + +
  4-(2-hydroxy-2-propanyl) phenol - - + + +
  4′-hydroxyacetophenone - - + + +
  4-hydroxybenzoic acid - - - + +
  1,4-benzoquinone - - + + +
PYR 1-hydroxypyrene - - + + +
  3-phenanthrenol - - - - +
  4-phenanthrenol - - - - +
  9-phenanthrenol - - - + +
  1,2-benzenediol - - - - +
  1,4-benzoquinone - - - + +
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