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Effect of Using Rice Husk Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement on Properties of Fresh and Hardened Concrete

Ali AJWAD
Ali AJWAD
, 
Sameel AHMAD
Sameel AHMAD
, 
ABDULLAH
ABDULLAH
, 
Syed Taseer Abbas JAFFAR
Syed Taseer Abbas JAFFAR
, 
Usman ILYAS
Usman ILYAS
 and 
Muhammad Ahmad ADNAN
Muhammad Ahmad ADNAN
   | Aug 09, 2022
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Published Online: Aug 09, 2022
Page range: 85 - 94
Received: Nov 23, 2021
Accepted: May 09, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/acee-2022-0017
Keywords
© 2022 Ali AJWAD et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Gradation curve of fine aggregates
Gradation curve of fine aggregates

Figure 2.

Gradation curve of coarse aggregates
Gradation curve of coarse aggregates

Figure 3.

XRD report of RHA sample
XRD report of RHA sample

Figure 4.

SEM images of RHA sample
SEM images of RHA sample

Figure 5.

Replacement level versus slump of concrete
Replacement level versus slump of concrete

Figure 6.

Replacement level versus compressive strength at different ages
Replacement level versus compressive strength at different ages

Figure 7.

Box Whisker plot for compressive strength at all ages
Box Whisker plot for compressive strength at all ages

Figure 8.

Rate of gain of compressive strength of concrete with age
Rate of gain of compressive strength of concrete with age

Figure 9.

Replacement level versus split cylinder strength of concrete
Replacement level versus split cylinder strength of concrete

Figure 10.

Box Whisker plot for Tensile strength at all ages
Box Whisker plot for Tensile strength at all ages

Figure 11.

Rate of gain of split cylinder strength of concrete with age
Rate of gain of split cylinder strength of concrete with age

Figure 12.

Replacement level versus modulus of rupture of concrete
Replacement level versus modulus of rupture of concrete

Figure 13.

Replacement level versus water permeability through concrete
Replacement level versus water permeability through concrete

Casting schedule and details of test specimens

Test details Specimen details Age (days) Total for (1 mix) Total (5 mixes)
3 7 28 56
Compressive strength Cubes (150 × 150 x 150 mm) 3 3 3 3 12 60
Split cylinder test Cylinders (150 mm high × 300 mm dia.) 3 3 3 3 12 60
Flexural strength test Beams (100 × 100 × 500 mm) - - 3 - 3 15
Water permeability test Cube (96.8 mm × 96.8 mm × 150 mm) - - 3 3 6 240 (48 for each mix)
Cube (146.9 mm × 146.9 mm × 150 mm) - - 3 3 6
Cylinder (96.8 mm high × 150 mm diameter) - - 3 3 6
Cylinder (146.9 mm high × 150 mm diameter) - - 3 3 6

Cost comparison between normal and blended concretes

Items   Quantity of concrete Quantity of cement Quantity of RHA (6%) Quantity of fine aggregates Quantity of coarse aggregates
Weight of materials Raw concrete 1 m3 (35.31 cft)2415 kg 8.62 cft345 kg --- 15.73 cft690 kg 31.47 cft1380 kg
  Blended concrete 1 m3 (35.31 cft)2415 kg 8.10 cft324.3 kg 1.38 cft20.7 kg 15.73 cft690 kg 31.47 cft1380 kg
Cost of materials Raw concrete USD 21.57/- USD 13.80/- --- USD 2.0/- USD 5.77/-
  Blended concrete USD 21.09/- USD 12.97/- USD 0.35/- USD 2.0/- USD 5.77/-
  Difference in cost USD 0.47/- (2.2% of normal concrete) USD 0.82/- (6% of pure cement) --- --- ---

Weights of the material mix

Mixture No: Mixture Type Water (kg) OPC (kg) Rice Husk Ash (kg) Sand (kg) Coarse Aggregates (kg) Slump flow (mm)
SM1 OPC 33.10 55.17 0 111.42 222.86 95
SM2 6% Replacement 33.10 51.84 3.31 111.42 222.86 105
SM3 12% Replacement 33.10 48.55 6.62 111.42 222.86 112
SM4 18% Replacement 33.10 45.24 9.93 111.42 222.86 123
SM5 24% Replacement 33.10 41.93 13.24 111.42 222.86 135
  Total 139.25 242.75 33.1 557.1 1114.3  

Split cylinder strength activity index of concrete

Split cylinder strength activity index
Ratio 3 Days 7 Days 28 Days 56 Days
  Split cylinder strength (MPa) S.A.I Split cylinder strength (MPa) S.A.I Split cylinder strength (MPa) S.A.I Split cylinder strength (MPa) S.A.I
0% 0.953 100.0 1.179 100.0 1.891 100.0 3.358 100.0
6% 1.000 105.0 1.281 108.7 2.124 112.3 3.563 106.1
12% 0.863 90.6 1.014 86.0 1.275 67.4 3.049 90.8
18% 0.884 92.8 0.932 79.1 1.597 84.4 2.844 84.7
24% 0.836 87.8 0.891 75.6 1.329 70.3 2.570 76.5

Strength Activity Index of concrete samples

Strength Activity Index
Ratio 3 Days 7 Days 28 Days 56 Days
  Compressive Strength (MPa) S.A.I Compressive strength (MPa) S.A.I Compressive strength (MPa) S.A.I Compressive strength (MPa) S.A.I
0% 3.229 100.0 6.932 100.0 13.563 100.0 23.251 100.0
6% 3.380 104.7 7.535 108.7 14.640 107.9 25.404 109.3
12% 3.294 102.0 6.050 87.3 13.090 96.5 21.744 93.5
18% 2.885 89.3 5.813 83.9 12.056 88.9 20.022 86.1
24% 2.583 80.0 5.425 78.3 11.303 83.3 17.438 75.0

Composition of OPC and RHA

Chemical composition (%) OPC RHA
Silicon dioxide (SiO2) 22.0 77.34
Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) 5.50 6.92
Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) 3.50 4.89
Calcium oxide (CaO) 64.25 3.56
Magnesium oxide (MgO) 2.50 1.59
Sulfur trioxide (SO3) 2.90 0.34
Sodium oxide (Na2O) 0.20 1.27
Potassium Oxide (K2O) 1.00 2.69
Loss on ignition 0.64 4.81
Physical properties    
Specific gravity 3.04 2.13
Specific surface (m2/kg) 308 600
Compressive strength 3 days (MPa) 20.76  
7 days 31.89  
28 days 39.41  
56 days 42.52  
Consistency (%) 29.25  
Initial Setting Time (min) 110  
Final Setting Time (min) 228  
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