Article Category: Review
Published Online: Apr 30, 2021
Page range: 51 - 67
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/abm-2021-0008
Keywords
© 2021 Rula M. Darwish, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Figure 1
Figure 2
![Adaptive immune response produced by SARS-CoV-2 (reproduced from Ref. [13] with permission). AG, antigen; APC, antigen-presenting cell; CTL, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; TCR, T-cell receptor; TGF, transforming growth factor.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6470684783f1392090d68dbd/j_abm-2021-0008_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20240723T110857Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=18000&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240723%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=e522d288dfad321c1042b4dae04d05b1f9e23591209d3283ae7c3435b9623bf0)
Figure 3
Advantages and disadvantages of various vaccine platforms, selected vaccines that have entered Phases 3 and 4, their developers, route of administration, and the number of doses required to induce the required immune response
| Inactivated virus |
The pathogen is inactivated Easy transport and storage |
Pathogen needs to be processed in large quantities The antigen immunogenicity can be affected by the inactivation process Antibody titers reduce over time Do not produce cellular responses Needseveral booster doses |
Sinovac Research and Development | CoronaVac; Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 vaccine [ |
IM | 2 | 4 |
| Sinopharm + China National Biotec Group + Wuhan Institute of Biological Products | Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 vaccine [ |
IM | 2 | 3 | |||
| Sinopharm + China National Biotec Group + Beijing Institute of Biological Products | Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 vaccine (Vero cells), BBIBP-CorV [ |
IM | 2 | 3 | |||
| Institute of Medical Biology + Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences | Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 vaccine (Vero cells) [ |
IM | 2 | 3 | |||
| Bharat Biotech International Limited | Whole-virion inactivated SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 vaccine, BBV152 (Covaxin) [ |
IM | 2 | 3 | |||
| Viral vector (nonreplicating) |
Able to induce robust humoral and cellular responses with a single dose Good safety profile |
Some of the candidates require storage at ≤20 °C Preexisting immunity against a human viral vector can affect the immune responses |
AstraZeneca + University of Oxford | ChAdOx1-S (AZD1222) Covishield [ |
IM | 1–2 | 4 |
| CanSino Biological/Beijing Institute of Biotechnology | Recombinant COVID-19 vaccine (adenovirus type 5 vector) [ |
IM | 1 | 3 | |||
| Gamaleya Research Institute; Health Ministry of the Russian Federation | Gam-COVID-Vac Adeno-based (rAd26-S + rAd5-S) [ |
IM | 2 | 3 | |||
| (J&J) Janssen Pharmaceuticals | Ad26.COV2.S [ |
IM | 1–2 | 3 | |||
| Protein subunit |
Safety during production Can be safely administered to immuno-suppressed people No infectious agent handling is required |
Small size of antigens diminishes their uptake by APCsa Several booster doses and adjuvants are needed Integrity of the antigen needs to be confirmed Low immunogenicity Do not elicit cellular responses. The production is limited by antigen production scalability. |
Novavax | SARS-CoV-2 rS/Matrix M1-Adjuvant (full-length recombinant SARS CoV-2 glycoprotein nanoparticle vaccine adjuvanted with matrix M) [ |
IM | 2 | 3 |
| Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical + Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences | Recombinant COVID-19 vaccine [ |
IM | 2–3 | 3 | |||
| Sanofi Pasteur + GSK | VAT00002: COVID-19 vaccine formulation 1 with adjuvant 1 (S protein (baculovirus production) [ |
IM | 2 | 3 | |||
| Instituto Finlay de Vacunas | FINLAY-FR-2 anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (RBD conjugated to tetanus toxoid plus adjuvant) [ |
IM | 2 | 3 | |||
| Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” | EpiVacCorona (EpiVacCorona vaccine based on peptide antigens [ |
IM | 2 | 3 | |||
| RNA based vaccine |
High scalability Quick design and development No infectious agent handling is required Caninduce cellular and humoral responses |
mRNA vaccines display instability and need storage at ≤20 °C DNA vaccines require a special delivery platform |
Moderna + National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) | mRNA-1273 [ |
IM | 2 | 4 |
| Pfizer/BioNTech + Fosun Pharma | BNT162 [ |
IM | 2 | 4 | |||
| CureVac | CVnCoV vaccine [ |
IM | 2 | 3 | |||
| DNA-based vaccine | Zydus Cadila | COVID-19 vaccine [ |
ID | 3 | 3 | ||