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Distributions of internalizing problems over time (% (n/N))

Girls Boys
2002–2003 2012–2013 2018–2019 p * 2002–2003 2012–2013 2018–2019 p *
Depression 11.4 (80/700) 12.6 (83/657) 23.9 (161/673) <0.001 5.0 (39/783) 3.3 (21/632) 8.0 (57/709) 0.001
Suicidal ideation 0.9 (6/685) 0.3 (2/650) 0.6 (4/647) 0.4 1.2 (9/778) 0.2 (1/627) 1.0 (7/700) 0.09
Social anxiety 9.4 (66/699) 11.6 (76/656) 28.3 (185/653) <0.001 8.2 (64/782) 6.0 (38/632) 12.8 (87/679) <0.001
General anxiety 27.0 (186/690) 32.9 (214/650) 38.4 (249/648) <0.001 19.0 (144/757) 15.2 (92/605) 34.0 (233/685) <0.001
Anorexia 14.3 (99/693) 18.6 (121/650) 18.6 (121/650) 0.05 3.0 (23/770) 1.3 (8/618) 3.6 (24/676) 0.03
Bulimia 4.8 (33/693) 5.3 (34/647) 0.5 (3/648) 0.001 0.5 (4/768) 0.3 (2/613) 0.3 (2/689) 0.7
Poor subjective health 18.4 (128/697) 14.9 (96/643) 27.8 (185/665) <0.001 14.5 (113/778) 9.6 (57/595) 17.0 (116/683) 0.001
Poor self-esteem 19.6 (136/694) 20.8 (134/645) 30.6 (199/650) <0.001 8.9 (68/761) 6.1 (38/619) 9.6 (63/658) <0.001
Stress symptoms 56.1 (393/685) 55.3 (363/639) 51.2 (346/642) 0.4 39.0 (305/753) 33.6 (214/597) 50.1 (356/678) <0.001

The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for externalizing problems for both sexes over time. Age, parental education level, family structure and parental unemployment were controlled for

Girls Boys
2002–2003 2012–2013 2018–2019 2002–2003 2012–2013 2018–2019
Lifetime drunkenness ref* 0.4 (0.3–0.5) 0.2 (0.1–0.2) ref 0.4 (0.3–0.5) 0.2 (0.2–0.3)
Frequent drunkenness ref 2.1 (1.5–2.8) 0.3 (0.3–0.5) ref 0.9 (0.7–1.1) 0.2 (0.2–0.4)
Cannabis use ref 0.5 (0.3–0.9) 0.5 (0.3–0.8) ref 0.8 (0.5–1.1) 0.6 (0.4–0.8)
Delinquency ref 0.5 (0.3–0.7) 0.4 (0.3–0.6) ref 0.4 (0.2–0.6) 0.3 (0.2–0.5)
Bullying others ref 0.1 (0.01–0.8) 0.2 (0.03–0.8) ref 0.3 (0.1–0.6) 0.2 (0.07–0.4)
Playing truant ref 1.1 (0.6–2.2) 0.7 (0.4–1.5) ref 0.9 (0.4–1.8) 0.7 (0.3–1.7)

Distributions of socioeconomic characteristics in the study population (%)

Girls Boys
2002–2003 2012–2013 2018–2019 p * 2002–2003 2012–2013 2018–2019 p *
N 700 657 676 783 636 710
Family structure
mother and father 68.7 77.8 78.0 0.003 69.7 77.8 83.1 <0.001
other family structure 25.7 20.7 19.5 22.9 19.5 14.5
missing  5.6  1.5  2.5  7.4  2.7  2.4
Both parents only basic education
no 69.4 79.3 85.2 <0.001 68.7 87.4 84.6 <0.001
yes 20.0  9.3  5.6 18.3  7.7  4.4
missing 10.6 11.4  9.2 13.0 12.6 11.0
Parental unemployment past year
no 68.7 75.8 71.2 0.02 73.1 72.3 75.5 0.4
one parent 27.1 19.8 24.4 21.7 21.7 18.7
both parents  2.9  2.3  1.9  3.1  2.8  2.1
missing  1.3  2.1  2.5  2.2  3.1  3.7

The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for internalizing problems for both sexes over time. Age, parental education level, family structure and parental unemployment were controlled for

Girls Boys
2002–2003 2012–2013 2018–2019 2002–2003 2012–2013 2018–2019
Depression ref* 1.2 (0.9–1.8) 2.9 (2.0–4.0) ref 0.6 (0.3–1.1) 1.6 (1.0–2.7)
Suicidal ideation ref 0.4 (0.1–1.9) 0.6 (0.1–2.4) ref 0.8 (0.2–3.2)
Social anxiety ref 1.3 (0.9–2.0) 4.1 (3.0–5.8) ref 0.7 (0.5–1.2) 1.6 (1.1–2.3)
General anxiety ref 1.4 (1.1–1.8) 3.3 (2.6–4.2) ref 0.8 (0.6–1.1) 1.2 (0.8–2.8)
Anorexia ref 1.5 (1.1–2.1) 1.5 (1.1–2.0) ref 0.6 (0.2–1.3) 1.5 (0.7–2.8)
Bulimia ref 1.2 (0.7–2.0) 1.4 (0.9–2.4) ref 1.0 (0.2–5.7) 1.3 (0.3–5.7)
Poor subjective health ref 0.9 (0.7–1.3) 1.9 (1.4–2.5) ref 0.6 (0.4–0.9) 1.3 (0-9–1.8)
Poor self-esteem ref 1.4 (1.0–1.8) 2.1 (1.6–2.8) ref 0.6 (0.4–1.0) 1.1 (0.8–1.7)
Stress symptoms ref 1.0 (0.8–1.2) 1.0 (0.7–1.2) ref 0.8 (0.6–1.0) 1.7 (1.3–2.0)

Distributions of externalizing problems over time (% (n/N))

Girls Boys
2002–2003 2012–2013 2018–2019 p * 2002–2003 2012–2013 2018–2019 p *
Lifetime
drunkenness 41.6 (290/697) 21.9 (143/653) 9.7 (63/649) <0.001 38.9 (304/781) 17.6 (110/624) 11.1 (77/691) <0.001
Frequent
drunkenness 16.8 (117/695) 27.0 (176/651) 4.4 (29/662) <0.001 20.4 (159/781) 16.5 (104/629) 4.8 (34/702) <0.001
Cannabis use 11.1 (78/700) 5.3 (35/656) 5.2 (34/653) <0.001 12.1 (95/782) 9.6 (60/628) 6.2 (43/695) <0.001
Delinquency 18.2 (127/699) 9.0 (59/656) 7.2 (48/667) <0.001 16.1 (126/781) 6.5 (41/633) 5.7 (40/702) <0.001
Bullying others 1.9 (13/697) 0.3 (2/650) 0.4 (3/669) 0.003 5.6 (44/781) 2.1 (13/628) 1.1 (8/702) <0.001
Playing truant 4.0 (24/600) 3.9 (22/557) 2.8 (17/605) 0.5 3.6 (25/690) 3.1 (17/547) 1.6 (10/625) 0.07
eISSN:
2245-8875
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
Volume Open
Journal Subjects:
Medicine, Basic Medical Science, other