Victimization in traditional and cyberbullying as risk factors for substance use, self-harm and suicide attempts in high school students
and | Sep 03, 2020
About this article
Published Online: Sep 03, 2020
Page range: 101 - 109
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/sjcapp-2020-010
Keywords
© 2020 Mohammad Saeed Azami et al., published by sciendo.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Demographic characteristic of the sample
| Frequency | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||
| Male | 183 | 45.8 |
| Female | 217 | 54.2 |
| Socio-Economic status | ||
| Below-average | 63 | 15.8 |
| Average | 242 | 60.8 |
| Above-average | 93 | 23.4 |
| Do you have a smartphone? | ||
| Yes | 303 | 76.3 |
| No | 30 | 7.6 |
| I don’t have cellphone at all | 64 | 16.1 |
| Is your father living with you at home? | ||
| Yes | 368 | 92.5 |
| No | 12 | 3.0 |
| He passed away | 18 | 4.5 |
| Is your mother living with you at home? | ||
| Yes | 384 | 96.7 |
| No | 9 | 2.3 |
| She passed away | 4 | 1.0 |
| Daily internet use | ||
| Less than 1 hour | 129 | 32.4 |
| 2-4 hours | 153 | 38.4 |
| 5-7 hours | 72 | 18.1 |
| 7-10 hours | 18 | 4.5 |
| More than 10 hours | 26 | 6.5 |
Prevalence of traditional and cyber victimization
| Frequency | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|
| Non-victim | 183 | 45.8 |
| Cyber only | 117 | 29.3 |
| Traditional only | 44 | 11.0 |
| Both | 56 | 14.0 |
Descriptive statistics (frequency and percentages) of victim’s substance use, self-harm and suicide
| Traditional and cyber victimization status | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N = 400 | Non-victim n = 183 | Cyber Only n = 117 | Traditional Only n = 44 | Both n = 56 | |
| Male | 183 (45.8) | 83 (45.4) | 60 (51.3) | 16 (36.4) | 24 (42.9) |
| Female | 217 (54.2) | 100 (54.6) | 57 (48.7) | 28 (63.6) | 32 (57.1) |
| Cigarette/hookah | |||||
| Yes | 104 (26.7) | 33 (18.3) | 42 (37.2) | 12 (28.6) | 17 (30.9) |
| No | 286 (73.3) | 147 (81.7) | 71 (62.8) | 30 (71.4) | 38 (69.1) |
| Alcohol | |||||
| Yes | 53 (13.7) | 17 (9.6) | 23 (20.4) | 3 (7.1) | 10 (18.2) |
| No | 335 (86.3) | 161 (90.4) | 90 (79.6) | 39 (92.9) | 45 (81.8) |
| Hashish/marijuana | |||||
| Yes | 24 (6.2) | 5 (2.8) | 11 (9.9) | 2 (4.8) | 6 (10.9) |
| No | 362 (93.8) | 173 (97.2) | 100 (90.1) | 40 (95.2) | 49 (89.1) |
| Opium | |||||
| Yes | 17 (4.4) | 4 (2.2) | 6 (5.3) | 3 (7.1) | 4 (7.3) |
| No | 373 (95.6) | 176 (97.8) | 107 (94.7) | 39 (92.7) | 51 (92.7) |
| Self-Harm | |||||
| Yes | 86 (23.2) | 21 (12.3) | 33 (31.4) | 12 (29.3) | 20 (37.0) |
| No | 285 (76.8) | 150 (87.7) | 72 (68.6) | 29 (70.7) | 34 (63.0) |
| Suicide | |||||
| Yes | 66 (17.7) | 16 (9.4) | 23 (21.3) | 8 (20.0) | 19 (35.2) |
| No | 307 (82.3) | 155 (90.6) | 85 (78.7) | 32 (80.0) | 35 (64.8) |
Cramer’s V correlations between variables
| Cigarette/hookah | Alcohol | Hashish/marijuana | Opium | Self-harm | Suicide | Gender | Victimization | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cigarette/hookah | ||||||||
| Alcohol | 0.576** | |||||||
| Hashish/marijuana | 0.317** | 0.394** | ||||||
| Opium | 0.312** | 0.361** | 0.633** | |||||
| Self-harm | 0.226** | 0.089 | 0.089 | 0.094 | ||||
| Suicide | 0.244** | 0.043 | 0.038 | 0.061 | 0.566** | |||
| Gender | 0.061 | 0.174** | 0.155** | 0.169** | .063 | 0.115* | ||
| Victimization | 0.185** | 0.155* | 0.147* | 0.103 | 0.244** | 0.235** | 0.090 | |
Odds Ratios (95% Confidence Interval) and significance obtained from the binary logistic regression of risk factors on substance use
| Substance | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cigarette/hookah | Alcohol | |||||
| ORa | B | CI | ORa | B | CI | |
| Male | 1.372 | .316 | (0.866, 2.174) | |||
| Cyber only | ||||||
| Traditional only | 1.851 | .616 | (0.855, 4.009) | 0.819 | -0.199 | (0.225, 2.979) |
| Cyber & traditional | 2.174 | 0.777 | (0.916, 5.159) | |||
Descriptive statistics (frequency and percentages) of student’s substance use, self-harm and suicide
| Total N = 400 | boys n = 183 | girls n = 217 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cigarette/Hookah | |||
| Yes | 110 (26.6) | 56 (29.5) | 54 (24.1) |
| No | 304 (73.4) | 134 (70.5) | 170 (75.9) |
| Alcohol | |||
| Yes | 58 (14.1) | 39 (20.6) | 19 (8.5) |
| No | 354 (85.9) | 150 (79.4) | 204 (91.5) |
| Hashish/marijuana | |||
| Yes | 25 (6.1) | 19 (10.2) | 6 (2.7) |
| No | 384 (96.9) | 168 (89.8) | 216 (97.3) |
| Opium | |||
| Yes | 19 (4.6) | 16 (8.4) | 3 (1.3) |
| No | 395 (95.4) | 174 (91.6) | 221 (98.7) |
| Self-harm | |||
| Yes | 92 (23.4) | 37 (20.4) | 55 (25.8) |
| No | 302 (76.6) | 144 (79.6) | 158 (74.2) |
| Suicide | |||
| Yes | 69 (17.5) | 22 (12.6) | 47 (21.4) |
| No | 326 (82.5) | 153 (87.4) | 173 (78.6) |
Odds Ratios (95% Confidence Interval) and significance obtained from the binary logistic regression of risk factors on self-harm and suicide
| Self-harm | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ORa | B | CI | |
| Male | 0.771 | -0.260 | (0.464, 1.281) |
| Cyber only | |||
| Traditional only | |||
| Cyber & traditional | |||