Cotton (
The reniform nematode (
Common nematode management strategies include crop rotation, nematicides and host resistance (Starr et al., 2007). High rates of fertilizer have been documented to limit nematode induced crop damage (Chawla and Prasad, 1973), reduce plant stress, and promote plant growth (Whitaker et al., 2018). However, there is very little research done on the effect of fertilizer on cotton production systems that are infested with nematodes. Most research is conducted either on the efficacy of nematicides (Lawrence et al., 1990) or the importance of nitrogen fertilizer in cotton (Duncan and Raper, 2019). Integrating nematicides and additional fertilizer applications into a single management regiment has the potential to simultaneously limit nematode induced damage and promote plant growth.
Ideal management strategies utilize a combination of the most effective and cost-efficient practices based on nematode species and levels, financial resources and environmental conditions (Grabau, 2017). Nematicides are commercially available to growers in a variety of applications. Seed treatments and foliar sprays can adequately reduce
Maximizing profit is the most important factor in any cotton production system. Management strategies for pests and fertility programs play a huge role in the economic viability of the cotton-cropping program. The primary objective of this study was to analyze the impact of adding additional fertilizer and nematicide combinations to cotton grown in
Microplot and field trials were used to evaluate the impact of additional fertilizer and nematicide applications on population levels of
Ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4 and 28-0-0-5 are the standard nitrogen fertilizer blends utilized for cotton production in the southeast and are usually applied as a split application near planting and at pin head square (PHS). Max-In® Sulfur (WinField United, Arden Hills, MN) is an additional sulfur application that maybe added to any spray application applied to cotton usually at PHS. We evaluated splitting fertilizer applications of (NH4)2SO4, or 28-0-0-5 and Max-In® Sulfur across the season at PHS or at PHS and first bloom (FB).
Aeris® (Bayer CropScience, Research Triangle Park, NC) (Imidacloprid and Thiodicarb) was the seed treatment nematicide in 2019 and (Table 1). COPeO™ Prime (BASF, Florham Park, NJ) (Fluopyram) was the seed treatment nematicide in 2020. Seed treatments were applied to the DP 1646 B2XF cotton seed before planting using a Gustafson laboratory tabletop seed treater (Pinckard, 1971). Seeds were air dried for 24 hr before planting. The additional nematicide Vydate® C-LV (DuPont, Wilmington, DE) (Oxamyl) was applied as a foliar spray at pinhead square (PHS) and/or first bloom (FB) (Table 1).
Additional fertilizer and nematicide rates and application method used in Plant Science Research Center, Auburn, AL microplots and Tennessee Valley Research and Extension Center, Belle Mina, AL, and Plant Breeding Unit, Shorter, AL field trials in 2019 and 2020.
(NH4)2SO4(21-0-0-24) | 0.52 g/m | 108 kg/ha | Broadcast |
28-0-0-5 | 0.289 ml/m | 89 L/ha | Knifed |
Vydate® C-LV (Oxamyl) | 0.004 ml/m | 0.8 L/ha | Foliar spray |
Max-In® Sulfur (0-0-19-13) | 0.007 ml/m | 1.5 L/ha | Foliar spray |
Aeris® (Imidacloprid & Thiodicarb) | 0.375 mg ai/seed | 0.375 mg ai/seed | Seed treatment |
COPeO™ Prime (Fluopyram | 0.30 mg ai/seed | 0.30 mg ai/seed | Seed treatment |
1 | (NH4)2SO4 | Untreated | PHS |
2 | 28-0-0-5 | Untreated | PHS |
3 | (NH4)2SO4 | Aeris® | PHS |
4 | 28-0-0-5 | Aeris® | PHS |
5 | (NH4)2SO4 | Aeris® | PHS + FB |
6 | 28-0-0-5 | Aeris® | PHS + FB |
7 | (NH4)2SO4 | Aeris® + Vydate® C-LV | PHS |
8 | 28-0-0-5 | Aeris® + Vydate® C-LV | PHS |
9 | (NH4)2SO4 + Max-In® Sulfur | Aeris® + Vydate® C-LV | PHS |
10 | 28-0-0-5 + Max-In® Sulfur | Aeris® + Vydate® C-LV | PHS |
11 | (NH4)2SO4 + Max-In® Sulfur | Aeris® + Vydate® C-LV | PHS + FB |
12 | 28-0-0-5 + Max-In® Sulfur | Aeris® + Vydate® C-LV | PHS + FB |
1 | (NH4)2SO4 | Untreated | PHS |
2 | 28-0-0-5 | Untreated | PHS |
3 | (NH4)2SO4 | COPeO™ | PHS |
4 | 28-0-0-5 | COPeO™ | PHS |
5 | (NH4)2SO4 | COPeO™ | PHS + FB |
6 | 28-0-0-5 | COPeO™ | PHS + FB |
7 | (NH4)2SO4 | COPeO™ + Vydate® C-LV | PHS |
8 | 28-0-0-5 | COPeO™ + Vydate® C-LV | PHS |
9 | (NH4)2SO4 + Max-In® Sulfur | COPeO™ + Vydate® C-LV | PHS |
10 | 28-0-0-5 + Max-In® Sulfur | COPeO™ + Vydate® C-LV | PHS |
11 | (NH4)2SO4 + Max-In® Sulfur | COPeO™ + Vydate® C-LV | PHS + FB |
12 | 28-0-0-5 + Max-In® Sulfur | COPeO™ + Vydate® C-LV | PHS + FB |
Notes: Applications were at pinhead square (PHS) and/or first bloom (FB) cotton growth stage. Chemicals were applied on the upland cotton cultivar DP 1646 B2XFz.
Trials were conducted with 12 fertilizer and nematicide combinations with the idea of continually feeding and protecting the developing cotton plant as it grows and develops cotton bolls. All treatments received the initial at plant base fertilizer of (NH4)2SO4 or 28-0-0-5. Treatment 1 was the control with no seed treatment nematicide on the cotton seeds at planting with an additional PHS application of the granular (NH4)2SO4 fertilizer while treatment 2 is also the control again without a seed treatment nematicide on the cotton seeds with an additional PHS application of the liquid 28-0-0-5 fertilizer (Table 1). Treatments 3 and 4 were the same cotton seeds with a seed treatment nematicide (Aeris in 2019 and COPeO in 2020) with an additional PHS application of the granular (NH4)2SO4 fertilizer for treatment 3 and an additional PHS application of the liquid 28-0-0-5 fertilizer for treatment 4. Treatment s 5 and 6 were the same as 3 and 4 with the addition of a sequential fertilizer application at FB. Treatments 7 and 8 were the same seed treatment nematicide and fertilizers as treatments 3 and 4 with the addition of the nematicide Vydate® C-LV applied at PHS. Treatments 9 and 10 were the same as 7 and 8 with another addition of Max-In® Sulfur added to the Vydate® C-LV applied at PHS. Treatments 11 and 12 were the same as 9 and 10 with the addition of Max-In® Sulfur and Vydate® C-LV applied at PHS and sequentially at FB.
Microplot trials were conducted in 2019 and 2020 at the Plant Science Research Center (PSRC) in Auburn, AL. Four tests were conducted, one each year for
All tests were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with five replications. The first additional application of fertilizers and nematicides were applied at PHS. At PHS, (NH4)2SO4 was applied by hand to the base of the plant. At PHS, 28-0-0-5 was pipetted into a narrow indention created with a hand spade 5 cm beside and 5 cm below the base of treated plants. Max-In® Sulfur and Vydate® C-LV were applied as foliar sprays via a handheld spray bottle. The second application of additional fertilizers was applied at FB. All fertilizers and nematicides were applied identically at PHS and FB. In 2020, microplots received the same management practices as in 2019 with the exception that the nematicide seed treatment Aeris® was replaced with Copeo™ Prime.
Data were collected at PHS and FB. One cotton plant was excavated from each microplot for plant and nematode data at each of the sample data collection times. Plant parameters included plant height (PH), and root fresh weight (RFW) and seed cotton yield. Nematode parameters of
To obtain nematode population levels, eggs were extracted from the cotton roots using a modified method of Hussey and Barker (1973). Eggs were collected for
Field trials were conducted at TVREC near Belle Mina, AL, and at PBU near Tallassee, AL. Both research stations maintained plots throughout the growing season with standard herbicide, insecticide, and fertility practices. Fertility practices at both locations included a pre-plant application of 28-0-0-5 at 112 kg/ha in late April followed by a sidedress application of 28-0-0-5 at 34 kg/ha applied in mid-July. TVREC was artificially infested with
Additional fertilizer, nematicides, and seed treatment applications were identical to the microplot trials. Additional fertilizer and nematicide combinations were applied at PHS and FB. Ammonium sulfate was applied by hand to the base of the plant. The 28-0-0-5 was knifed into the soil 5cm beside and 5 cm below the plant with a liquid fertilizer applicator and fertilizer disc. WinField Max-In® Sulfur and Vydate® C-LV (Oxamyl) were applied as a foliar spray at 25 PSI with a Case IH 265 tractor equipped with a 4 boom sprayer at PHS and FB. Entire plots were machine harvested with a Case International Harvester 2555 cotton picker with Harvest Weigh Mobile by System Scales at TVREC and PBU.
Four representative cotton plants from each plot were randomly dug up from each plot to collect plant and nematode data at PHS and FB. The plant growth parameters included plant stand, plant height, root fresh weight and cotton yield. Nematode population density was collected as in the microplot trials after transport from the field to PSRC. Fifty mature bolls were hand harvested from the first rep of each test. Samples were ginned using a 10-saw table-top gin at the PSRC. The lint and seeds collected from the gin were weighed individually and these data were used to calculate the lint ratio for each treatment. All plots were machine harvested to determine seed cotton yields.
Data collected from microplot, and field trials were analyzed with SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) using the PROC GLIMMIX procedure. LS-means were compared using ANOVA, and Tukey–Kramer multiple pair wise comparison at a significance level of P ≤ 0.10. Dependent variables included plant stand, plant height, root fresh weight,
There were no significant interactions between 2019 and 2020 thus the data from both years were combined into a single dataset. Different nematicide seed treatments were used in both years; therefore, we analyzed the effects of a general nematicide seed treatment and not a specific chemical.
Revenue was calculated using the most current price from the USDA upland cotton announcement (
In the microplot setting with
Microplot LS meansz from 2019 and 2020 of the effect of additional nematicide and fertilizer combinations on DP 1646 B2XFy plant height, cotton root fresh weight at pinhead square (PHS) and first bloom (FB),
1 | (NH4)2SO4–PHS | 68 | 12.49 | 308 | a | 36 | ab |
2 | 28-0-0-5 – PHS | 67 | 12.04 | 183 | ab | 33 | ab |
3 | STv + (NH4)2SO4–PHS | 71 | 15.73 | 208 | ab | 28 | b |
4 | ST + 28-0-0-5 – PHS | 66 | 15.12 | 271 | ab | 36 | ab |
5 | ST + (NH4)2SO4–PHS + FB | 68 | 20.49 | 121 | ab | 45 | ab |
6 | ST + 28-0-0-5 – PHS + FB | 67 | 19.35 | 252 | ab | 41 | ab |
7 | ST + (NH4)2SO4 + Vydate® C-LV – PHS | 71 | 12.89 | 152 | ab | 41 | ab |
8 | ST + 28-0-0-5 + Vydate® C-LV – PHS | 73 | 16.02 | 110 | ab | 47 | ab |
9 | ST + (NH4)2SO4 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur – PHS | 71 | 15.44 | 272 | ab | 47 | ab |
10 | ST + 28-0-0-5 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur – PHS | 73 | 14.77 | 70 | b | 44 | ab |
11 | ST + (NH4)2SO4 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur – PHS + FB | 68 | 12.93 | 220 | ab | 55 | a |
12 | ST + 28-0-0-5 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur – PHS + FB | 73 | 16.13 | 147 | ab | 47 | ab |
Notes:
LS-means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at
All DP 1646 B2XF seeds were pretreated with a company fungicide and insecticide metalaxyl, pyraclostrobin, myclobutanil, imidacloprid, and fluxapyroxad.
PHS refers to the pinhead square plant growth stage when the first additional combination of fertilizers and nematicides were applied.
FB refers to the first bloom plant growth stage when the second additional combination of fertilizers and nematicides were applied.
ST refers to nematicide seed treatment, Aeris® (Thiodicarb) applied in 2019 and COPeO™ Prime (Fluopyram) applied in 2020.
The
Microplot LS meansz from 2019 and 2020 of the effect of additional nematicide and fertilizer combinations on DP 1646 B2XFy plant height, cotton root fresh weight at pinhead square (PHS) and first bloom (FB)
1 | (NH4)2SO4 – PHS | 51 | 10.81 | 554 ab | 34 |
2 | 28-0-0-5 – PHS | 52 | 9.70 | 130 b | 34 |
3 | STv + (NH4)2SO4 – PHS | 55 | 8.36 | 405 ab | 33 |
4 | ST + 28-0-0-5 – PHS | 61 | 10.35 | 224 ab | 32 |
5 | ST + (NH4)2SO4 – PHS + FB | 42 | 9.41 | 677 a | 33 |
6 | ST + 28-0-0-5 – PHS + FB | 45 | 9.18 | 309 ab | 47 |
7 | ST + (NH4)2SO4 + Vydate® C-LV – PHS | 52 | 9.83 | 241 ab | 24 |
8 | ST + 28-0-0-5 + Vydate® C-LV – PHS | 55 | 9.71 | 146 b | 34 |
9 | ST + (NH4)2SO4 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur – PHS | 57 | 10.29 | 191 ab | 22 |
10 | ST + 28-0-0-5 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur – PHS | 52 | 8.47 | 408 ab | 29 |
11 | ST + (NH4)2SO4 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur – PHS + FB | 54 | 11.12 | 133 b | 23 |
12 | ST + 28-0-0-5 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur – PHS + FB | 59 | 12.29 | 464 ab | 49 |
Notes:
LS-means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P ≤ 0.10 as determined by the Tukey Kramer method.
All DP 1646 B2XF seeds were pretreated with a company fungicide and insecticide metalaxyl, pyraclostrobin, myclobutanil, imidacloprid, and fluxapyroxad.
PHS refers to the pinhead square plant growth stage when the first additional combination of fertilizers and nematicides were applied.
FB refers to the first bloom plant growth stage when the second additional combination of fertilizers and nematicides were applied.
ST referees to nematicide seed treatment, Aeris® (Thiodicarb) applied in 2019 and COPeO™ Prime(Fluopyram) applied in 2020.
Plant stand was not affected by the additional fertilizer or Vydate® C-LV combinations (Table 4). The additional fertilizer and nematicide combinations did not significantly increase root fresh weight at PHS + FB.
Field trial LS meansz from 2019 and 2020 of the effect of nematicide and fertilizer combinations on DP 1646 B2XFy stand, cotton root fresh weight at pinhead square (PHS) and first bloom (FB),
1 | (NH4)2SO4 – PHS | 59 | 14.78 | 5723 | 1257 | bz |
2 | 28-0-0-5 – PHS | 56 | 14.26 | 6821 | 1200 | b |
3 | STu + (NH4)2SO4–PHS | 57 | 16.11 | 4735 | 1345 | ab |
4 | ST + 28-0-0-5 – PHS | 56 | 15.99 | 4354 | 1368 | ab |
5 | ST + (NH4)2SO4–PHS + FB | 56 | 15.63 | 3126 | 1566 | ab |
6 | ST + 28-0-0-5 – PHS + FB | 55 | 13.51 | 5140 | 1223 | b |
7 | ST + (NH4)2SO4 + Vydate® C-LV – PHS | 57 | 17.02 | 2558 | 1803 | a |
8 | ST + 28-0-0-5 + Vydate® C-LV – PHS | 57 | 16.51 | 5393 | 1411 | ab |
9 | ST + (NH4)2SO4 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur – PHS | 58 | 16.91 | 5519 | 1542 | ab |
10 | ST + 28-0-0-5 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur – PHS | 55 | 14.89 | 4156 | 1412 | ab |
11 | ST + (NH4)2SO4 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur – PHS + FB | 58 | 16.02 | 2228 | 1432 | ab |
12 | ST + 28-0-0-5 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur – PHS + FB | 59 | 14.97 | 5670 | 1455 | ab |
Notes:
LS-means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at
All DP 1646 B2XF seeds were pretreated with a BASF fungicide and insecticide metalaxyl, pyraclostrobin, myclobutanil, imidacloprid, and fluxapyroxad.
Stand count is the number of seedlings per 7.6 m of row collected 14 DAP.
PHS refers to the pinhead square plant growth stage when the first additional combination of fertilizers and nematicides were applied.
FB refers to the first bloom plant growth stage when the second additional combination of fertilizers and nematicides were applied.
ST refers to nematicide seed treatment, Aeris® (Thiodicarb) applied in 2019 and COPeO™ Prime(Fluopyram) applied in 2020.
Mean profits for fertilizer applications of (NH4)2SO4 and 28-0-0-5 at PHS with no nematicides averaged $853.62 (Table 5). A nematicide ST with an additional fertilizer application at PHS increased mean profit by $46/ha from an additional fertilizer alone. A nematicide ST with an additional application of fertilizer at PHS and FB increased profit by $32/ha from an additional fertilizer alone. Combinations with Vydate® C-LV applied at PHS had an increased profit of $137/ha from an additional fertilizer alone. Fertilizer and nematicide combinations that included Vydate® C-LV at PHS and FB had an increased profit of $48/ha. All combinations were compared to the mean profit of treatments of an additional fertilizer with no nematicides to determine increased profit per hectare. The combination of a nematicide ST + (NH4)2SO4 + Vydate® C-LV at PHS had the greatest overall mean profit of $1175.87 which was significantly greater than the mean profit of (NH4)2SO4 at PHS, 28-0-0-5 at PHS and a nematicide ST + 28-0-0-5 at PHS and FB.
Field trial LS meansz from 2019 and 2020 representing profit mean ($/ha), and lower and upper profit determined by ANOVA (P ≤ 0.10) for fertilizer and nematicide combinations on DP 1646 B2XFy at the Tennessee Valley Research and Extension Center.
1 | (NH4)2SO4 – PHSw | $862.69 | bz | $677.97 | $1047.41 | $56.06 |
2 | 28-0-0-5 – PHS | $844.55 | b | $659.83 | $1029.27 | $30.20 |
3 | STv + (NH4)2SO4 – PHS | $880.33 | ab | $695.61 | $1065.05 | $100.13 |
4 | ST + 28-0-0-5 – PHS | $920.39 | ab | $735.67 | $1105.11 | $77.27 |
5 | ST + (NH4)2SO4 – PHS + FBu | $988.46 | ab | $803.74 | $1173.18 | $153.19 |
6 | ST + 28-0-0-5 – PHS + FB | $784.57 | b | $599.84 | $962.29 | $107.47 |
7 | ST + (NH4)2SO4 + Vydate® C-LV-PHS | $1175.87 | a | $991.15 | $1360.59 | $138.73 |
8 | ST + 28-0-0-5 + Vydate® C-LV-PHS | $913.44 | ab | $728.72 | $1098.16 | $115.87 |
9 | ST + (NH4)2SO4 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur – PHS | $974.36 | ab | $789.64 | $1159.08 | $150.00 |
10 | ST + 28-0-0-5 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur – PHS | $902.49 | ab | $717.77 | $1087.21 | $127.14 |
11 | ST + (NH4)2SO4 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur – PHS + FB | $882.36 | ab | $697.64 | $1067.08 | $252.93 |
12 | ST + 28-0-0-5 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur – PHS + FB | $922.73 | ab | $738.01 | $1107.45 | $207.21 |
Notes: Revenue was calculated using prices determine by the United States Department of Agriculture upland cotton announcement of $1.32/ha in 2019 and $1.54/ha in 2020. Profit was calculated by subtracting additional input costs ($/ha) from revenue.
LS-means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at
All DP 1646 B2XF seeds were pretreated with a BASF fungicide and insecticide metalaxyl, pyraclostrobin, myclobutanil, imidacloprid, and fluxapyroxad.
Additional input costs from 2019 and 2020 were averaged to determine a single input cost for treatment analysis.
PHS refers to the pinhead square plant growth stage, when the first combination of additional fertilizers and nematicides were applied.
ST refers to nematicide seed treatment, Aeris® (Thiodicarb) applied in 2019 and COPeO™ Prime (Fluopyram) applied in 2020.
FB refers to the first bloom plant growth stage, when the second combination of fertilizers and nematicides were applied.
Plant stand was not affected by the additional fertilizer or Vydate® C-LV combinations (Table 6). The additional fertilizer and nematicide combinations did not significantly increase root fresh weight in samples taken at PHS + FB.
Field trial LS meansz from 2019 and 2020 of the effect of nematicide and fertilizer combinations on DP 1646 B2XFy cotton root fresh weight at pinhead square (PHS) and first bloom (FB),
1 | (NH4)2SO4 – PHS | 44 | 22.36 | 696 | 832 | bz |
2 | 28-0-0-5 – PHS | 41 | 22.22 | 1661 | 788 | b |
3 | STu + (NH4)2SO4 – PHS | 46 | 24.34 | 776 | 918 | ab |
4 | ST + 28-0-0-5 – PHS | 52 | 24.20 | 824 | 978 | ab |
5 | ST + (NH4)2SO4 – PHS + FB | 51 | 22.34 | 590 | 1044 | ab |
6 | ST + 28-0-0-5 – PHS + FB | 53 | 21.68 | 1206 | 1101 | ab |
7 | ST + (NH4)2SO4 + Vydate® C-LV – PHS | 52 | 21.83 | 872 | 1050 | ab |
8 | ST + 28-0-0-5 + Vydate® C-LV – PHS | 54 | 22.10 | 1104 | 1096 | ab |
9 | ST + (NH4)2SO4 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur – PHS | 55 | 22.37 | 710 | 1051 | ab |
10 | ST + 28-0-0-5 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur – PHS | 56 | 20.47 | 565 | 1052 | ab |
11 | ST + (NH4)2SO4 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur – PHS + FB | 48 | 23.13 | 1093 | 1010 | ab |
12 | ST + 28-0-0-5 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur – PHS + FB | 57 | 23.05 | 1215 | 1265 | a |
Notes:
LS-means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at
All DP 1646 B2XF seeds were pretreated with a BASF fungicide and insecticide metalaxyl, pyraclostrobin, myclobutanil, imidacloprid, and fluxapyroxad.
Stand count is the number of seedlings per 7.6 m of row collected 14 DAP.
PHS refers to the pinhead square plant growth stage at 49 DAP, when the first combination of fertilizers and nematicides were applied.
FB refers to the first bloom plant growth stage at 85 DAP, when the second combination of fertilizers and nematicides were applied.
ST refers to nematicide seed treatment, Aeris® (Thiodicarb) applied in 2019 and COPeO™ Prime(Fluopyram) applied in 2020.
Mean profits for fertilizer applications of (NH4)2SO4 and 28-0-0-5 at PHS with no nematicides averaged $548.53 (Table 7). A nematicide ST with an additional fertilizer application at PHS increased mean profit by $54/ha from an additional fertilizer application alone. A nematicide ST with an additional application of fertilizer at PHS and FB increased profit by $103/ha from an additional fertilizer application alone. Fertilizer combinations with Vydate® C-LV applied at PHS had an increased profit of $93/ha from an additional fertilizer application alone. Fertilizer and nematicide combinations that included Vydate® C-LV at PHS and FB had an increased profit of $131/ha. All combinations were compared to the mean profit of treatments of an additional fertilizer with no nematicides to determine increased profit per hectare. The combination of a nematicide ST + 28-0-0-5 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur at PHS and FB had the greatest overall mean profit of $784.00 which was significantly greater than the mean profit of treatments of (NH4)2SO4 or 28-0-0-5 at PHS.
Field trial LS meansz from 2019 and 2020 representing profit mean ($/ha), and lower and upper profit determined by ANOVA (P ≤ 0.10) for fertilizer and nematicide combinations on DP 1646 B2XFy at the Plant Breeding Unit.
1 | (NH4)2SO4 – PHSw | $553.01 | bz | $461.43 | $644.59 | $56.06 |
2 | 28-0-0-5 – PHS | $544.05 | b | $452.47 | $635.63 | $30.20 |
3 | STv + (NH4)2SO4–PHS | $569.21 | ab | $477.63 | $660.79 | $100.13 |
4 | ST + 28-0-0-5 – PHS | $635.85 | ab | $544.27 | $727.43 | $77.27 |
5 | ST + (NH4)2SO4–PHS + FBu | $608.01 | ab | $516.43 | $699.59 | $153.19 |
6 | ST + 28-0-0-5 – PHS + FB | $695.76 | ab | $604.18 | $787.34 | $107.47 |
7 | ST + (NH4)2SO4 + Vydate® C-LV – PHS | $627.25 | ab | $535.67 | $718.83 | $138.73 |
8 | ST + 28-0-0-5 + Vydate® C-LV – PHS | $683.50 | ab | $591.92 | $775.08 | $115.87 |
9 | ST + (NH4)2SO4 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur – PHS | $616.22 | ab | $524.64 | $707.80 | $150.00 |
10 | ST + 28-0-0-5 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur – PHS | $640.59 | ab | $549.01 | $732.17 | $127.14 |
11 | ST + (NH4)2SO4 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur – PHS + FB | $575.53 | ab | $483.95 | $667.11 | $252.93 |
12 | ST + 28-0-0-5 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur – PHS + FB | $784.00 | a | $692.42 | $875.58 | $207.21 |
Notes: Revenue was calculated using prices determine by the United States Department of Agriculture upland cotton announcement of $1.32/ha in 2019 and $1.54/ha in 2020. Profit was calculated by subtracting additional input costs ($/ha) from revenue.
LS-means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at
All DP 1646 B2XF seeds were pretreated with a BASF fungicide and insecticide metalaxyl, pyraclostrobin, myclobutanil, imidacloprid, and fluxapyroxad.
Additional input costs from 2019 and 2020 were averaged to determine a single input cost for treatment analysis.
PHS refers to the pinhead square plant growth stage, when the first additional combination of fertilizers and nematicides were applied.
ST refers to nematicide seed treatment, Aeris® (Thiodicarb) applied in 2019 and COPeO™ Prime (Fluopyram) applied in 2020.
FB refers to the first bloom plant growth stage, when the second combination of additional fertilizers and nematicides were applied.
A nematicide ST + 28-0-0-5 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur at PHS was the most effective combination in reducing
The combination of a nematicide ST + 28-0-0-5 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur at PHS and FB was the most effective treatment in increasing root fresh weight sampled at PHS + FB. The application of 28-0-0-5 at PHS had the lowest
At TVREC, the combination of a nematicide ST + (NH4)2SO4 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur at PHS was the most effective at increasing root fresh weight from sample data combined at PHS + FB. A nematicide ST + (NH4)2SO4 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur at PHS and FB had the lowest
The combination with the largest mean profit in dollars/ha was a nematicide ST + (NH4)2SO4 + Vydate® C-LV at PHS. This combination also supported the largest lint yield. Based on the lower and upper profits, there is a 90% chance when using this fertilizer and nematicide combination in a
At PBU, the combination that supported the largest root fresh weight sampled at PHS + FB was a nematicide ST + (NH4)2SO4 at PHS.
The largest mean profit was obtained with the combination of a nematicide ST + 28-0-0-5 + Vydate® C-LV + Max-In® Sulfur at PHS and FB. This combination also supported the largest lint yields, correlating increased lint yields with additional profit. Established on lower and upper profit, there is a 90% chance that if this combination is used in a
There was a decrease in
Our finding suggests that utilizing a nematicide with a fertilizer will increase yield and profit for growers with