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Integrative taxonomy of Xiphinema histriae and Xiphinema lapidosum from Spain

Ruihang Cai
Ruihang Cai
, 
Antonio Archidona-Yuste
Antonio Archidona-Yuste
, 
Carolina Cantalapiedra-Navarrete
Carolina Cantalapiedra-Navarrete
, 
Juan E. Palomares-Rius
Juan E. Palomares-Rius
, 
Jingwu Zheng
Jingwu Zheng
 and 
Pablo Castillo
Pablo Castillo
   | Jul 29, 2019
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Article Category: Arts & Humanities
Published Online: Jul 29, 2019
Page range: 1 - 21
Received: Apr 23, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2019-037
© 2019 Ruihang Cai et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Light micrographs of Xiphinema histriae (Lamberti et al., 1993a, 1993b). Females: A, Pharynx; B to D, Lip regions; E to G, I, J, Tail region; H, Gonad; K, L, Details of pseudo-Z-organ; Juveniles: M to O, Tail region of 2nd, 3rd and 4th stage juveniles; Males: P, Tail region of male. Abbreviations: a, anus; cb, crystalloid bodies; gr, guiding ring; psZ, pseudo-Z-organ; sp, spicule; spl, supplements; v, vulva. (Scale bars: A = 40 μm; B-D = 15 μm; E–G, I, J = 20 μm; H = 65 μm; K = 10 μm; L = 20 μm; M–O = 10 μm; P = 20 μm.)
Light micrographs of Xiphinema histriae (Lamberti et al., 1993a, 1993b). Females: A, Pharynx; B to D, Lip regions; E to G, I, J, Tail region; H, Gonad; K, L, Details of pseudo-Z-organ; Juveniles: M to O, Tail region of 2nd, 3rd and 4th stage juveniles; Males: P, Tail region of male. Abbreviations: a, anus; cb, crystalloid bodies; gr, guiding ring; psZ, pseudo-Z-organ; sp, spicule; spl, supplements; v, vulva. (Scale bars: A = 40 μm; B-D = 15 μm; E–G, I, J = 20 μm; H = 65 μm; K = 10 μm; L = 20 μm; M–O = 10 μm; P = 20 μm.)

Figure 2:

Relationship of body length to length of functional and replacement odontostyle (▴=Odontostyle and •=Replacement odontostyle); length in three developmental stages and mature females of Xiphinema histriae.
Relationship of body length to length of functional and replacement odontostyle (▴=Odontostyle and •=Replacement odontostyle); length in three developmental stages and mature females of Xiphinema histriae.

Figure 3.

Light micrographs of Xiphinema histriae paratypes (Lamberti et al., 1993a, 1993b). Female: A, Lip region; B, C, Details of pseudo-Z-organ; D, Tail region. Abbreviations: a, anus; cb, crystalloid bodies; psZ, pseudo-Z-organ. (Scale bars: A = 15 μm; B, C = 10 μm; D = 20 μm.)
Light micrographs of Xiphinema histriae paratypes (Lamberti et al., 1993a, 1993b). Female: A, Lip region; B, C, Details of pseudo-Z-organ; D, Tail region. Abbreviations: a, anus; cb, crystalloid bodies; psZ, pseudo-Z-organ. (Scale bars: A = 15 μm; B, C = 10 μm; D = 20 μm.)

Figure 4:

Light micrographs of Xiphinema lapidosum (Roca and Bravo, 1993). Females: A, Pharynx; B to C, Lip regions; D, Gonad; E, F, Details of pseudo-Z-organ; G, H, Tail regions; Males: I, Tail region of male; Juveniles: J to L, Tail region of 2nd, 3rd and 4th stage juveniles. Abbreviations: a, anus; gr, guiding ring; psZ, pseudo-Z-organ; sb, sclerotized bodies; sp, spicule; spl, supplements; v, vulva. (Scale bars: A = 40 μm; B, C  = 15 μm; D = 65 μm; E–I = 20 μm; J–L = 10 μm.)
Light micrographs of Xiphinema lapidosum (Roca and Bravo, 1993). Females: A, Pharynx; B to C, Lip regions; D, Gonad; E, F, Details of pseudo-Z-organ; G, H, Tail regions; Males: I, Tail region of male; Juveniles: J to L, Tail region of 2nd, 3rd and 4th stage juveniles. Abbreviations: a, anus; gr, guiding ring; psZ, pseudo-Z-organ; sb, sclerotized bodies; sp, spicule; spl, supplements; v, vulva. (Scale bars: A = 40 μm; B, C  = 15 μm; D = 65 μm; E–I = 20 μm; J–L = 10 μm.)

Figure 5:

Relationship of body length to length of functional and replacement odontostyle (▴= Odontostyle and •=  Replacement odontostyle); length in three developmental stages and mature females of Xiphinema lapidosum.
Relationship of body length to length of functional and replacement odontostyle (▴= Odontostyle and •=  Replacement odontostyle); length in three developmental stages and mature females of Xiphinema lapidosum.

Figure 6:

Light micrographs of Xiphinema lapidosum paratypes (Roca and Bravo, 1993). Female: A, Pharynx; B, Lip region; C, D, Details of pseudo-Z-organ; E, F, Tail regions; Males: G, Tail region of male. Abbreviations: a, anus; gr, guiding ring; psZ, pseudo-Z-organ; sp, spicule; spl, supplements. (Scale bars: A = 40 μm; B = 15 μm; C-G = 20 μm.)
Light micrographs of Xiphinema lapidosum paratypes (Roca and Bravo, 1993). Female: A, Pharynx; B, Lip region; C, D, Details of pseudo-Z-organ; E, F, Tail regions; Males: G, Tail region of male. Abbreviations: a, anus; gr, guiding ring; psZ, pseudo-Z-organ; sp, spicule; spl, supplements. (Scale bars: A = 40 μm; B = 15 μm; C-G = 20 μm.)

Figure 7:

Phylogenetic relationships within the Xiphinema non-americanum group complex. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree as inferred from D2 to D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA sequence alignment under the general time-reversible model of sequence evolution with correction for invariable sites and a gamma-shaped distribution (GTR + I + G) (lnL = 11,543.7822; AIC = 23,383.5644; freq A = 0.2502; freq C = 0.2298; freq G = 0.2995; freq T = 0.2205; R(a) = 0.9908; R(b) = 2.7656; R(c) = 2.4778; R(d) = 0.4894; R(e) = 4.2554; R(f) = 1.0000). Posterior probabilities greater than 0.70 are given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences in this study are shown in bold. Scale bar = expected changes per site.
Phylogenetic relationships within the Xiphinema non-americanum group complex. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree as inferred from D2 to D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA sequence alignment under the general time-reversible model of sequence evolution with correction for invariable sites and a gamma-shaped distribution (GTR + I + G) (lnL = 11,543.7822; AIC = 23,383.5644; freq A = 0.2502; freq C = 0.2298; freq G = 0.2995; freq T = 0.2205; R(a) = 0.9908; R(b) = 2.7656; R(c) = 2.4778; R(d) = 0.4894; R(e) = 4.2554; R(f) = 1.0000). Posterior probabilities greater than 0.70 are given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences in this study are shown in bold. Scale bar = expected changes per site.

Figure 8:

Phylogenetic relationships within the Xiphinema non-americanum group complex. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree as inferred from ITS1 rRNA gene sequence alignment under the general time-reversible model of sequence evolution with correction for invariable sites and a gamma-shaped distribution (GTR + I + G) (lnL = 6,024.1284; AIC = 12,068.2568; freq A = 0.2316; freq C = 0.2224; freq G = 0.3009; freq T = 0.2451; R(a) = 0.7019; R(b) = 4.6043; R(c) = 2.0272; R(d) = 0.6248; R(e) = 7.4428; R(f) = 1.0000). Posterior probabilities greater than 0.70 are given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences in this study are shown in bold. Scale bar = expected changes per site.
Phylogenetic relationships within the Xiphinema non-americanum group complex. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree as inferred from ITS1 rRNA gene sequence alignment under the general time-reversible model of sequence evolution with correction for invariable sites and a gamma-shaped distribution (GTR + I + G) (lnL = 6,024.1284; AIC = 12,068.2568; freq A = 0.2316; freq C = 0.2224; freq G = 0.3009; freq T = 0.2451; R(a) = 0.7019; R(b) = 4.6043; R(c) = 2.0272; R(d) = 0.6248; R(e) = 7.4428; R(f) = 1.0000). Posterior probabilities greater than 0.70 are given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences in this study are shown in bold. Scale bar = expected changes per site.

Figure 9:

Phylogenetic relationships within the Xiphinema non-americanum group complex. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree as inferred from partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CoxI) gene sequence alignment under the general time-reversible model of sequence evolution with correction for invariable sites and a gamma-shaped distribution (GTR + I + G), (lnL = 8,561.5874; AIC = 17,347.1747; freq A = 0.3687; freq C = 0.1301; freq G = 0.1382; freq T = 0.3630; R(a) = 3.3231; R(b) = 22.8405; R(c) = 2.0144; R(d) = 10.5400; R(e) = 75.4228; R(f) = 1.0000). Posterior probabilities greater than 0.70 are given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences in this study are shown in bold. Scale bar = expected changes per site.
Phylogenetic relationships within the Xiphinema non-americanum group complex. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree as inferred from partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CoxI) gene sequence alignment under the general time-reversible model of sequence evolution with correction for invariable sites and a gamma-shaped distribution (GTR + I + G), (lnL = 8,561.5874; AIC = 17,347.1747; freq A = 0.3687; freq C = 0.1301; freq G = 0.1382; freq T = 0.3630; R(a) = 3.3231; R(b) = 22.8405; R(c) = 2.0144; R(d) = 10.5400; R(e) = 75.4228; R(f) = 1.0000). Posterior probabilities greater than 0.70 are given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences in this study are shown in bold. Scale bar = expected changes per site.
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