Molecular Identification of Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates from the Philippines and their Biological Control Potential Against Lepidopteran Pests of Corn
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Afidchao, M.M., Musters, C.J.M., and De Snoo, G.R.. 2013. Asian corn borer (ACB) and non-ACB pests in GM corn (Zea mays L.) in the Philippines. Pest Management Science 69: 792-801.AfidchaoM.M.MustersC.J.M., and De SnooG.R.. 2013. Asian corn borer (ACB) and non-ACB pests in GM corn (Zea mays L.) in the Philippines. 69: 792-801.10.1002/ps.3471Search in Google Scholar
Altschul, S.F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E.W., and Lipman, D.J.. 1990. Basic local alignment search tool. Journal of Molecular Biology 215: 403-410.AltschulS.F.GishW.MillerW.MyersE.W., and LipmanD.J.. 1990. Basic local alignment search tool. 215: 403-410.10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2Search in Google Scholar
Barbara, K.A., and Buss, E.A.. 2005. Integration of insect parasitic nematodes (Rhabditida, Steinernematidae) with insecticides for control of pest mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae: Scapteriscus spp.). Journal of Economic Entomology 98: 689-693.BarbaraK.A., and BussE.A.. 2005. Integration of insect parasitic nematodes (Rhabditida, Steinernematidae) with insecticides for control of pest mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae: Scapteriscus spp.). 98: 689-693.10.1603/0022-0493-98.3.689Search in Google Scholar
Bedding, R.A., and Akhurst, R.J.. 1975. A simple technique for the detection of insect parasitic nematodes in soil. Nematologica 21: 109-110.BeddingR.A., and AkhurstR.J.. 1975. A simple technique for the detection of insect parasitic nematodes in soil. 21: 109-110.10.1163/187529275X00419Search in Google Scholar
Bedding, R.A., Molyneux, A.S., and Akhurst, R.I.. 1983. Heterorhabditis spp., Neoaplectana spp., and Steinernema kraussei: Interspecific and intraspecific differences in infectivity for insects. Experimental Parasitology 55: 249-257.BeddingR.A.MolyneuxA.S., and AkhurstR.I.. 1983. Heterorhabditis spp., Neoaplectana spp., and Steinernema kraussei: Interspecific and intraspecific differences in infectivity for insects. 55: 249-257.10.1016/0014-4894(83)90019-XSearch in Google Scholar
Ben-Yakir, D., Efron, D., Chen, M., and Glazer, I.. 1998. Evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes for biocontrol of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, on sweet corn in Israel. Phytoparasitica 26: 101-108.Ben-YakirD.EfronD.ChenM., and GlazerI.. 1998. Evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes for biocontrol of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, on sweet corn in Israel. 26: 101-108.10.1007/BF02980676Search in Google Scholar
Berry, R.E., Liu, J., and Reed, G.. 1997. Comparison of endemic and exotic entomopathogenic nematode species for control of Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 90: 1528-1533.BerryR.E.LiuJ., and ReedG.. 1997. Comparison of endemic and exotic entomopathogenic nematode species for control of Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). 90: 1528-1533.10.1093/jee/90.6.15289461847Search in Google Scholar
Brunsdon, C., and Chen, H.. 2014. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/GISTools/index.html.Search in Google Scholar
Bullock, R.C., Pelosi, R.R., and Killer, E.E.. 1999. Management of citrus root weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Florida citrus with soil-applied entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Rhabditida). The Florida Entomologist 82: 1-7.BullockR.C.PelosiR.R., and KillerE.E.. 1999. Management of citrus root weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Florida citrus with soil-applied entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Rhabditida). 82: 1-7.10.2307/3495831Search in Google Scholar
Burnell, A.M., and Stock, P.S.. 2000. Heterorhabditis, Steinernema and their bacterial symbionts – lethal pathogens of insects. Nematology 2: 31-42.BurnellA.M., and StockP.S.. 2000. HeterorhabditisSteinernema and their bacterial symbionts – lethal pathogens of insects. 2: 31-42.10.1163/156854100508872Search in Google Scholar
Camarao, G.C.. 1976. Population dynamics of Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee). I. Life cycle, behavior and generation cycles. The Philippine Entomologist 3: 170-200.CamaraoG.C.. 1976. Population dynamics of Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee). I. Life cycle, behavior and generation cycles. 3: 170-200.Search in Google Scholar
Camarao, G.C.. 1983. Development of sampling plan and population table for corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera). The Philippine Entomologist 5: 495-518.CamaraoG.C.. 1983. Development of sampling plan and population table for corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera). 5: 495-518.Search in Google Scholar
Campos-Herrera, R., and Gutierrez, C.. 2014. Steinernema feltiae intraspecific variability: infection dynamics and sex-ratio. Journal of Nematology 46: 35-43.Campos-HerreraR., and GutierrezC.. 2014. Steinernema feltiae intraspecific variability: infection dynamics and sex-ratio. 46: 35-43.Search in Google Scholar
Castillo, J.C., Reynolds, S.E., and Eleftherianos, I.. 2011. Insect immune responses to nematode parasites. Trends in Parasitology 27: 537-547.CastilloJ.C.ReynoldsS.E., and EleftherianosI.. 2011. Insect immune responses to nematode parasites. 27: 537-547.10.1016/j.pt.2011.09.00121982477Search in Google Scholar
Ceballo, F.A., and Morallo-Rejesus, B.. 1983. Tryptophan and lysine supplemented artificial diet for corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis Guenee). The Philippine Entomologist 6 No. 5 and 6, pp. 531-538.CeballoF.A., and Morallo-RejesusB.. 1983. Tryptophan and lysine supplemented artificial diet for corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis Guenee). 6 No. 5 and 6, pp. 531-538.Search in Google Scholar
Ebssa, L., Borgemeister, C., Berndt, O., and Poehling, H.M.. 2001. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against soil-dwelling life stages of western flower thrips, Frankiniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 78: 119-127.EbssaL.BorgemeisterC.BerndtO., and PoehlingH.M.. 2001. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against soil-dwelling life stages of western flower thrips, Frankiniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). 78: 119-127.10.1006/jipa.2001.505111812114Search in Google Scholar
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2017. www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC.Search in Google Scholar
Gapasin, R.M., Lim, J.L., Oclarit, E.L., Ubaub, L.T., and Alde, M.C.. 2016. Occurrence and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in sweet potato fields in the Philippines and their implication in the biological control of sweet potato weevil. Horticulturae 3: 22, doi: 10.3390/horticulturae3010022..GapasinR.M.LimJ.L.OclaritE.L.UbaubL.T., and AldeM.C.. 2016. Occurrence and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in sweet potato fields in the Philippines and their implication in the biological control of sweet potato weevil. 3: 22, doi: 10.3390/horticulturae3010022..Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Gassmann, A.J., Petzold-Maxwell, J.L., Keweshan, R.S., and Dunbar, M.W.. 2011. Field-evolved resistance to Bt maize by western corn rootworm. PLOS ONE 6 No. 7, pp. e22629, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022629.GassmannA.J.Petzold-MaxwellJ.L.KeweshanR.S., and DunbarM.W.. 2011. Field-evolved resistance to Bt maize by western corn rootworm. 6 No. 7, pp. e22629, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022629.314647421829470Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Georgis, R., and Hom, A.. 1992. Introduction of entomopathogenic nematode products into Latin America and the Carribean. Nematropica 22: 81-98.GeorgisR., and HomA.. 1992. Introduction of entomopathogenic nematode products into Latin America and the Carribean. 22: 81-98.Search in Google Scholar
Gerpacio, R.V., Labios, J.D., Labios, R.V., and Diangkinay, E.I.. 2004. Maize in the Philippines: Production Systems, Constraints, and Research Priorities, CIMMYT, Mexico, D.F., pp. 22.GerpacioR.V.LabiosJ.D.LabiosR.V., and DiangkinayE.I.. 2004. , CIMMYT, Mexico, D.F., pp. 22.Search in Google Scholar
Glazer, I., and Navon, A.. 1990. Activity and persistence of entomoparasitic nematodes tested against Heliothis armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 83: 1975-1800.GlazerI., and NavonA.. 1990. Activity and persistence of entomoparasitic nematodes tested against Heliothis armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). 83: 1975-1800.10.1093/jee/83.5.1795Search in Google Scholar
Griffin, C.T., Chaerani, R., Fallon, D., Reid, A.P., and Downes, M.J.. 2000. Occurrence and distribution of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis indica in Indonesia. Journal of Helminthology 74: 143-150.GriffinC.T.ChaeraniR.FallonD.ReidA.P., and DownesM.J.. 2000. Occurrence and distribution of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis indica in Indonesia. 74: 143-150.10.1017/S0022149X0000019610881285Search in Google Scholar
Griffin, C.T., Moore, J.F., and Downes, M.J.. 1991. Occurrence of insect-parasitic nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) in the republic of Ireland. Nematologica 37: 92-100.GriffinC.T.MooreJ.F., and DownesM.J.. 1991. Occurrence of insect-parasitic nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) in the republic of Ireland. 37: 92-100.10.1163/187529291X00097Search in Google Scholar
Hall, T.A.. 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95-98.HallT.A.. 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. 41: 95-98.Search in Google Scholar
Hara, A.H., Kaya, H.K., Gaugler, R., Lebeck, L.M., and Mello, C.L.. 1993. Entomopathogenic nematodes for biological control of the leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Dipt.: Agromyzidae). Entomophaga 38: 359-369.HaraA.H.KayaH.K.GauglerR.LebeckL.M., and MelloC.L.. 1993. Entomopathogenic nematodes for biological control of the leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Dipt.: Agromyzidae). 38: 359-369.10.1007/BF02374454Search in Google Scholar
Hominick, W.M., Reid, A.P., and Briscoe, B.R.. 1995. Prevalence and habitat specificity of steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes isolated during soil surveys of the UK and the Netherlands. Journal of Helminthology 69: 27-32.HominickW.M.ReidA.P., and BriscoeB.R.. 1995. Prevalence and habitat specificity of steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes isolated during soil surveys of the UK and the Netherlands. 69: 27-32.10.1017/S0022149X000137917622788Search in Google Scholar
Joyce, S.A., Reid, A., Driver, F., and Curran, J.. 1994. Application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods to identification of entomopathogenic nematodes, in A.M. Burnell, Ehlers, R.-U. and J.P. Masson, eds. COST 812 biotechnology: Genetics of entomopathogenic nematode-bacterium complexes. Proceedings of Symposium and Workshop, St. Patrick’s College, Maynooth, Co., Kildare, Ireland, Luxembourg, European Commission, DG XII, pp.178-87..Search in Google Scholar
Kalia, V., Sharma, G., Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., and Ganguly, S.. 2014. Biocontrol potential of Steinernema thermophilum and its symbiont Xenorhabdus indica against lepidopteran pests: virulence to egg and larval stages. Journal of Nematology 46: 18-26.KaliaV.SharmaG.Shapiro-IlanD.I., and GangulyS.. 2014. Biocontrol potential of Steinernema thermophilum and its symbiont Xenorhabdus indica against lepidopteran pests: virulence to egg and larval stages. 46: 18-26.Search in Google Scholar
Kaya, H.K., and Stock, S.P.. 1997. Techniques in insect nematology, in Lacey, L.A. (Ed.), Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology, Academic Press, London, pp. 281-324.KayaH.K., and StockS.P.. 1997. Techniques in insect nematology, in LaceyL.A. (Ed.), , Academic Press, London, pp. 281-324.10.1016/B978-012432555-5/50016-6Search in Google Scholar
Kaya, H.K., Aguillera, M.M., Alumai, A., Choo, H.Y., De La Torre, M., Fodor, A., Ganguly, S., Hazir, S., Lakatos, T., Pye, A., Wilson, M., Yamanaka, S., Yang, H., and Ehlers, R.U.. 2006. Status of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria from selected countries or regions of the world. Biological Control 38: 134-155.KayaH.K.AguilleraM.M.AlumaiA.ChooH.Y.De La TorreM.FodorA.GangulyS.HazirS.LakatosT.PyeA.WilsonM.YamanakaS.YangH., and EhlersR.U.. 2006. Status of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria from selected countries or regions of the world. 38: 134-155.10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.11.004Search in Google Scholar
Khatri-Chhetri, H.B., Waeyenberge, L., Manandhar, H.K., and Moens, M.. 2010. Natural occurrence and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Nepal. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 103: 74-78.Khatri-ChhetriH.B.WaeyenbergeL.ManandharH.K., and MoensM.. 2010. Natural occurrence and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Nepal. 103: 74-78.10.1016/j.jip.2009.10.00719836397Search in Google Scholar
Krautz, R., Arefin, B., and Theopold, U.. 2014. Damage signals in the insect immune response. Frontiers in Plant Science 342: 1-11.KrautzR.ArefinB., and TheopoldU.. 2014. Damage signals in the insect immune response. 342: 1-11.10.3389/fpls.2014.00342409365925071815Search in Google Scholar
Laigo, F.M., and Morse, R.A.. 1968. The mite Tropulaelaps clareae in Apis dorsata colonies in the Philippines. Bee World 49: 116-118.LaigoF.M., and MorseR.A.. 1968. The mite Tropulaelaps clareae in Apis dorsata colonies in the Philippines. 49: 116-118.10.1080/0005772X.1968.11097211Search in Google Scholar
Litsinger, J.A., Dela Cruz, C.G., Canapi, B.L., and Barrion, A.T.. 2007. Maize planting time and arthropod abundance in southern Mindanao, Philippines. I. Population dynamics of natural enemies. International Journal of Pest Management 54: 161-173.LitsingerJ.A.Dela CruzC.G.CanapiB.L., and BarrionA.T.. 2007. Maize planting time and arthropod abundance in southern Mindanao, Philippines. I. Population dynamics of natural enemies. 54: 161-173.Search in Google Scholar
Maneesakorn, P., Grewal, P.S., and Chandrapatya, A.. 2010. Steinernema minutum sp. nov. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae): A new entomopathogenic nematode from Thailand. International Journal of Nematology 20: 27-42.ManeesakornP.GrewalP.S., and ChandrapatyaA.. 2010. Steinernema minutum sp. nov. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae): A new entomopathogenic nematode from Thailand. 20: 27-42.Search in Google Scholar
Minka, T.P., and Deckmyn, A.. 2017. https://cran.r-project.org/web/pacakges/maps/maps.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Mohankumar, S., and Ramasubramanian, T.. 2014. Role of genetically modified insect-resistant crops in IPM: Agricultural, ecological and evolutionary implications, in Abrol, D.P. (Ed.), Integrated Pest Management: Current Concepts and Ecological Perspective, Academic Press, Elsevier, San Diego, CA, pp. 371-373.MohankumarS., and RamasubramanianT.. 2014. Role of genetically modified insect-resistant crops in IPM: Agricultural, ecological and evolutionary implications, in AbrolD.P. (Ed.), , Academic Press, Elsevier, San Diego, CA, pp. 371-373.10.1016/B978-0-12-398529-3.00020-8Search in Google Scholar
Negrisoli, A.S., Garcia, M.S., Barbosa-Negrisoli, C.R.C., Bernardi, D., and Da Silvae, A.. 2010. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Rhabditida) and insecticide mixtures to control Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in corn crops. Crop Protection 29: 677-683.NegrisoliA.S.GarciaM.S.Barbosa-NegrisoliC.R.C.BernardiD., and Da SilvaeA.. 2010. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Rhabditida) and insecticide mixtures to control Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in corn crops. 29: 677-683.10.1016/j.cropro.2010.02.002Search in Google Scholar
Nguyen, K.B., and Byron, A.. 2003. SEM and systematic studies of Steinernema abbasi Elawad et al., 1997, and S. riobrave Cabanillas et al., 1994 (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae). Zootaxa, pp. 179, doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.179.1.1.NguyenK.B., and ByronA.. 2003. SEM and systematic studies of Steinernema abbasi Elawad et al., 1997, and S. riobrave Cabanillas et al., 1994 (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae). , pp. 179, doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.179.1.1.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Nguyen, K.B., Ambros-Ginarte, C.M., Leite, L.G., Santos, J.M., and Harakava, R.. 2009. Steinernema brazilense n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from Mato Grosso, Brazil. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 103: 8-20.NguyenK.B.Ambros-GinarteC.M.LeiteL.G.SantosJ.M., and HarakavaR.. 2009. Steinernema brazilense n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from Mato Grosso, Brazil. 103: 8-20.Search in Google Scholar
Nguyen, K.B., and Hunt, D.J.. 2007. Heterorhabditidae: Species description, in Nguyen, K.B., and Hunt, D.J. (Eds), Entomopathogenic nematodes: Systematics, phylogeny and bacterial Symbionts, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 611-692.NguyenK.B., and HuntD.J.. 2007. Heterorhabditidae: Species description, in NguyenK.B., and HuntD.J. (Eds), , Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 611-692.Search in Google Scholar
Nguyen, K.B., Hunt, D.J., and Mracek, Z.. 2007. Steinernematidae: Species description, in Nguyen, K.B., and Hunt, D.J. (Eds), Entomopathogenic nematodes: Systematics, phylogeny and bacterial symbionts, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 121-609.NguyenK.B.HuntD.J., and MracekZ.. 2007. Steinernematidae: Species description, in NguyenK.B., and HuntD.J. (Eds), , Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 121-609.Search in Google Scholar
Nguyen, K.B., Tesfamariam, M., Gozel, U., Gaugler, R., and Adams, B.J.. 2004. Steinernema yirgalemense n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) from Ethiopia. Nematology. 6: 839-856.NguyenK.B.TesfamariamM.GozelU.GauglerR., and AdamsB.J.. 2004. Steinernema yirgalemense n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) from Ethiopia. 6: 839-856.10.1163/1568541044038605Search in Google Scholar
Nurhidayat, M.. 2003. Nurhidayat, M. 2003. Toxicity of microbial insecticides, Bacillus thuringiensis vars kurstaki. kurstaki and aizawai, to larvae of Spodoptera litura (Fabr.) at different instars and life cycle of the pest on castor plant (Ricinus communis Linn.). M.S. Thesis. University of the Philippines Los Baños, Philippines, pp. 63.Search in Google Scholar
Nyasani, J.O., Kimenju, J.W., Olubayo, F.M., Shibairo, S.I., and Mutua, G.K.. 2008. Occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes and their potential in the management of diamondback moth in Kale. Asian Journal of Plant Science 7: 214-318.NyasaniJ.O.KimenjuJ.W.OlubayoF.M.ShibairoS.I., and MutuaG.K.. 2008. Occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes and their potential in the management of diamondback moth in Kale. 7: 214-318.10.3923/ajps.2008.314.318Search in Google Scholar
Phan, K.L., Subbotin, S.A., Waeyenberge, L., and Moens, M.. 2005. A new entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema robustispiculum n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), from Chumomray National Park in Vietnam. Systematic Parasitology 60: 23-32.PhanK.L.SubbotinS.A.WaeyenbergeL., and MoensM.. 2005. A new entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema robustispiculum n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), from Chumomray National Park in Vietnam. 60: 23-32.10.1007/s11230-004-1373-x15791398Search in Google Scholar
Phan, L.K.. 2008. Potential of entomopathogenic nematodes for controlling the Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternates, in Zhao, B.G., Futai, K., Sutherland, J.R., and Takeuchi, Y. (Eds), Pine wilt disease, Springer, New York, NY, pp. 371-379.PhanL.K.. 2008. Potential of entomopathogenic nematodes for controlling the Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternates, in ZhaoB.G.FutaiK.SutherlandJ.R., and TakeuchiY. (Eds), , Springer, New York, NY, pp. 371-379.10.1007/978-4-431-75655-2_36Search in Google Scholar
Ramos, V.E., and Morallo-Rejesus, B.. 1981. Effects of natural and semi-synthetic diets on the growth and development of corn earworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). The Philippine Entomologist 4: 383-387.RamosV.E., and Morallo-RejesusB.. 1981. Effects of natural and semi-synthetic diets on the growth and development of corn earworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). 4: 383-387.Search in Google Scholar
Regier, J.C., Mitter, C., Solis, M.A., Hayden, J.E., Landry, B., Nuss, M., Simonsen, T.J., Yen, S.H., Zwick, A., and Cummings, M.P.. 2012. A molecular phylogeny for the pyraloid moths (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) and its implications for higher-level classification. Systematic Entomology 37: 635-656.RegierJ.C.MitterC.SolisM.A.HaydenJ.E.LandryB.NussM.SimonsenT.J.YenS.H.ZwickA., and CummingsM.P.. 2012. A molecular phylogeny for the pyraloid moths (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) and its implications for higher-level classification. 37: 635-656.10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00641.xSearch in Google Scholar
Rosa, J.S., Bonifassi, E., Amaral, J., Lacey, L.A., Simoes, N., and Laumond, C.. 2000. Natural occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernema, Heterorhabditis) in the Azores. Journal of Nematology 32: 215-222.RosaJ.S.BonifassiE.AmaralJ.LaceyL.A.SimoesN., and LaumondC.. 2000. Natural occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernema, Heterorhabditis) in the Azores. 32: 215-222.Search in Google Scholar
Shanks, C.H., and Agudelo-Silva, F.. 1990. Field pathogenicity and persistence of heterorhabditid and steinernematid nematodes (Nematoda) infecting black vine weevil larvae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in cranberry bogs. Journal of Economic Entomology 83: 107-110.ShanksC.H., and Agudelo-SilvaF.. 1990. Field pathogenicity and persistence of heterorhabditid and steinernematid nematodes (Nematoda) infecting black vine weevil larvae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in cranberry bogs. 83: 107-110.10.1093/jee/83.1.107Search in Google Scholar
Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., and Cottrell, T.E.. 2005. Susceptibility of lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 89: 150-156.Shapiro-IlanD.I., and CottrellT.E.. 2005. Susceptibility of lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to entomopathogenic nematodes. 89: 150-156.10.1016/j.jip.2005.04.00215913642Search in Google Scholar
Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Cottrell, T.E., Mizell, R.F. III, Horton, D.L., and Davis, J.. 2009. A novel approach to biological control with entomopathogenic nematodes: Prophylactic control of peachtree borer, Synantheson exitiosa. Biological Control 48: 259-263.Shapiro-IlanD.I.CottrellT.E.MizellR.F.IIIHortonD.L., and DavisJ.. 2009. A novel approach to biological control with entomopathogenic nematodes: Prophylactic control of peachtree borer, Synantheson exitiosa. 48: 259-263.10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.10.008Search in Google Scholar
Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Gardner, W.A., Fuxa, J.R., Wood, B.W., Nguyen, K.B., Adams, B.J., Humber, R.A., and Hall, M.J.. 2003. Survey of entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi endemic to pecan orchards of the southeastern United States and their virulence to the pecan weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Environmental Entomology. 32: 187-195.Shapiro-IlanD.I.GardnerW.A.FuxaJ.R.WoodB.W.NguyenK.B.AdamsB.J.HumberR.A., and HallM.J.. 2003. Survey of entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi endemic to pecan orchards of the southeastern United States and their virulence to the pecan weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). 32: 187-195.10.1603/0046-225X-32.1.187Search in Google Scholar
Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Hazir, S., and Glazer, I.. 2017. Basic and applied research: Entomopathogenic nematodes, in Lacey, L.A. (Ed.), Microbial Control of Insect and Mite Pests: From Theory to Practice, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 91-105.Shapiro-IlanD.I.HazirS., and GlazerI.. 2017. Basic and applied research: Entomopathogenic nematodes, in LaceyL.A. (Ed.), , Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 91-105.10.1016/B978-0-12-803527-6.00006-8Search in Google Scholar
Smart, G.C. Jr. 1995. Entomopathogenic nematodes for the biological control of insects. Supplement to the Journal of Nematology 27 No. 4S, pp. 529-534.SmartG.C.Jr. 1995. Entomopathogenic nematodes for the biological control of insects. 27 No. 4S, pp. 529-534.Search in Google Scholar
Smith-Pardo, A.H.. 2014 The old world bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuinae: Heliothinae) its biology, economic importance and its recent introduction into the western hemisphere.Search in Google Scholar
Solis, M.A.. 2007. Phylogenetic studies and modern classification of the Pyraloidea (Lepidoteptera). Revista Colombiana de Entomologia 33: 1-9.SolisM.A.. 2007. Phylogenetic studies and modern classification of the Pyraloidea (Lepidoteptera). 33: 1-9.10.25100/socolen.v33i1.9306Search in Google Scholar
Spiridonov, S., Reid, A.P., Kasia, P., Subbotin, S., and Moens, M.. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Steinernema (Nematoda: Rhabditida) as inferred from analyses of sequences of the ITSI-5.8S-ITS2 region of rDNA and morphological features. Nematology. 6: 547-566.SpiridonovS.ReidA.P.KasiaP.SubbotinS., and MoensM.. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Steinernema (Nematoda: Rhabditida) as inferred from analyses of sequences of the ITSI-5.8S-ITS2 region of rDNA and morphological features. 6: 547-566.10.1163/1568541042665304Search in Google Scholar
Tabashnik, B.E.. 2015. ABCs of insect resistance to Bt. PLOS Genetics 11 No. 11, pp. e1005646, doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005646.TabashnikB.E.. 2015. ABCs of insect resistance to Bt. 11 No. 11, pp. e1005646, doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005646.465289726583776Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Tabashnik, B.E., Brevault, T., and Carriere, Y.. 2013. Insect resistance to Bt crops: Lessons from the first billion acres. Nature Biotechnology 31: 510-521.TabashnikB.E.BrevaultT., and CarriereY.. 2013. Insect resistance to Bt crops: Lessons from the first billion acres. 31: 510-521.10.1038/nbt.259723752438Search in Google Scholar
Wang, H., Luan, J., Dong, H., Qian, H., and Cong, B.. 2014. Natural occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes in Liaoning (Northeast China). Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 17: 399-406.WangH.LuanJ.DongH.QianH., and CongB.. 2014. Natural occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes in Liaoning (Northeast China). 17: 399-406.10.1016/j.aspen.2014.03.005Search in Google Scholar