Nematodes of the genus
See Table 1.
Morphometrics of
Character a | Female | Male | J1 | J2 | J3 | J4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
12 | 13 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 17 |
|
6.03 ± 0.65 (5.22–7.39) | 5.95 ± 0.27 (5.61–6.52) | 1.37 ± 0.33 (1.24–1.69) | 2.12 ± 0.18 (1.82–2.50) | 2.99 ± 0.42 (2.48–3.65) | 4.52 ± 0.45 (3.87–5.23) |
|
82.4 ± 5.83 (74.3–90.3) | 80.6 ± 7.88 (66.8–95.2) | 53.0 ± 5.43 (42.7–65.2) | 60.5 ± 4.78 (53.5–70.4) | 66.1 ± 4.11 (59.1–74.1) | 76.3 ± 5.93 (65.8–86.9) |
|
13.0 ± 1.12 (11.4–14.8) | 12.8 ± 1.00 (10.9–14.4) | 4.6 ± 0.67 (3.5–5.6) | 6.4 ± 0.71 (5.3–7.7) | 7.9 ± 1.34 (6.1–10.7) | 11.1 ± 0.68 (9.1–14.8) |
|
154.3 ± 17.97 (131.8–195.7) | 139.1 ± 16.41 (113.9–171.7) | 47.0 ± 3.50 (44.1–56.4) | 66.5 ± 10.40 (55.2–92.7) | 84.6 ± 5.55 (76.5–96.1) | 120.5 ± 15.17 (101.3–149.3) |
|
0.76 ± 0.05 (0.68–0.87) | 0.87 ± 0.05 (0.78–0.94) | 1.69 ± 0.20 (1.30–2.06) | 1.24 ± 0.16 (0.84–1.42) | 1.04 ± 0.08 (0.93–1.18) | 0.86 ± 0.09(0.68–1.00) |
|
2.5 ± 0.15 (2.2–2.7) | 2.5 ± 0.29 (2.1–2.9) | 2.7 ± 0.21 (2.4–3.0) | 2.6 ± 0.29 (2.2–3.1) | 2.5 ± 0.18 (2.3–2.8) | 2.5 ± 0.21 (2.2–2.9) |
|
2.2 ± 0.12 (2.0–2.4) | 2.2 ± 0.18 (1.9–2.5) | 1.9 ± 0.18 (1.6–2.2) | 2.0 ± 0.16 (1.8–2.3) | 2.1 ± 0.14 (1.8–2.3) | 2.1 ± 0.12 (1.9–2.3) |
V/Spicules length | 53.7 ± 1.49 (51.5–56.1) | 83.4 ± 4.1 (76–91) | – | – | – | – |
Odontostylet length | 93.9 ± 2.5 (89–97) | 95.5 ± 3.8 (89–101) | 56.5 ± 2.5 (52–60) | 60.3 ± 1.9 (57–64) | 70.1 ± 2.0 (67–74) | 81.9 ± 3.3 (77–90) |
Odontophore length | 70.6 ± 3.4 (66–74) | 70.8 ± 3.0 (65–75) | – | 47.7 ± 5.1 (39–59) | 57.6 ± 5.2 (45–65) | 63.9 ± 3.6 (58–72) |
Total stylet length | 164.9 ± 3.3 (161–171) | 166.5 ± 2.5 (164–170) | – | 108.4 ± 4.2 (103–118) | 127.7 ± 5.9 (117–139) | 145.6 ± 4.5 (138–154) |
Replacement odontostylet length | – | – | 63.0 ± 5.1 (55–75) | 72.3 ± 3.5 (65–76) | 86.4 ± 3.1 (80–91) | 95.7 ± 4.8 (88–105) |
Anterior end to guide ring | 35.3 ± 2.3 (31–39) | 35.5 ± 2.7 (31–40) | 19.1 ± 1.2 (17–21) | 22.0 ± 1.3 (20–24) | 25.6 ± 1.5 (23–28) | 30.1 ± 1.8 (27–34) |
Pharyngeal bulb length | 128.2 ± 6.1 (115–134) | 126.2 ± 6.9 (111–140) | 73.0 ± 6.4 (64–82) | 86.4 ± 4.3 (81–97) | 99.1 ± 5.6 (91–107) | 117.6 ± 8.2 (98–130) |
Pharyngeal bulb width | 26.4 ± 2.1 (23–30) | 24.8 ± 1.9 (21–28) | 12.8 ± 1.7 (11–16) | 16.5 ± 1.1 (15–18) | 19.5 ± 1.6 (16–22) | 22.7 ± 1.4 (20–26) |
Tail length | 39.2 ± 2.5 (35–42) | 43.2 ± 3.7 (38–51) | 29.2 ± 1.9 (26–33) | 32.2 ± 3.0 (27–36) | 36.4 ± 2.8 (31–40) | 37.7 ± 3.0 (33–44) |
Hyaline part of tail length | 14.0 ± 1.5 (11–16) | 12.7 ± 1.2 (11–14) | 5.5 ± 0.7 (5–7) | 7.0 ± 1.4 (4–10) | 9.0 ± 1.2 (7–11) | 10.5 ± 0.7 (9–12) |
Width at level of: | ||||||
Lip region | 14.0 ± 0.4 (13–15) | 14.1 ± 1.0 (13–16) | 7.1 ± 0.7 (6–8) | 8.4 ± 0.8 (7–10) | 10.3 ± 0.5 (10–11) | 11.9 ± 0.6 (11–13) |
Guide ring | 30.8 ± 2.0 (28–34) | 31.0 ± 1.2 (30–33) | 13.5 ± 0.7 (13–15) | 17.0 ± 1.3 (16–21) | 21.1 ± 1.1 (19–23) | 25.3 ± 1.2 (23–28) |
Base of pharynx | 59.0 ± 3.4 (55–67) | 58.2 ± 1.7 (55–60) | 25.2 ± 1.7 (22–29) | 33.3 ± 2.1 (29–36) | 41.7 ± 3.7 (35–48) | 50.8 ± 2.5 (46–56) |
Vulva or midbody | 73.1 ± 5.0 (67–83) | 68.4 ± 6.2 (58–78) | 26.0 ± 2.4 (22–31) | 35.2 ± 2.5 (29–38) | 45.2 ± 5.8 (38–58) | 59.3 ± 4.5 (53–70) |
Anus | 51.7 ± 3.2 (46–57) | 49.7 ± 2.8 (45–54) | 17.5 ± 2.1 (16–23) | 26.2 ± 2.4 (23–32) | 35.2 ± 3.5 (31–41) | 44.4 ± 3.7 (37–51) |
Abbreviations are defined in Jairajpuri and Ahmad (1992).
The Ukrainian population was characterized by moderate body length (6.0–7.4 mm in female; and 5.6–6.5 mm in male); C-shaped when killed by gentle heat with slightly greater curvature in the posterior half more pronounced in the case of males. Labial region 6 μm high, smoothly rounded and continuous with the neck contour. Amphidial pouch elongate, funnel shaped (not lobed). Odontostyle of a medium length and not heavily sclerotized. Vulva located slightly posterior to midbody (52%–56%). Vagina 18.5 (15.0–23.0) μm wide, 41.0 (36.0–47.0) μm long, or 56.4 (49.3–64.3) % of corresponding body width. Genital tract amphidelphic, anterior and posterior genital branches equally developed, 600–679 μm and 589–770 μm long, respectively. Prerectum 411.5 (367–444) μm long, rectum 35.2 (31–41) μm long, or as long as 2/3 of anal body width. Tail dorsally convex hemispherical to bluntly conoid with a bluntly rounded terminus. Male common as female. Mail tail similar to that of the female but more curved. Spicules robust, ventrally curved, and 76–91 μm long. Guiding pieces 17–21 μm long, slightly curved with distinctly bifid distal end. The adanal pair of supplements is preceded by a row of 12–14 ventromedian supplements. According to the polytomous key Chen et al. (1997) and the supplement by Loof and Chen (1999), the Ukrainian population has the following codes (codes in parentheses are exceptions): A3 - B2 - C3 - D1 - E4 - F3(4) - G21 - H1 - I2.
The Ukrainian population of
The main differences between Ukrainian population of
From type British population (Hooper, 1961) it also differs by the lip region more flattened anteriorly, higher a ratio ♀: 82.4 (74.3–90.3)
Ukrainian specimens of
Finally, it differs from Czech population (Kumari, 2014) in a ratio higher in female (82.4 (74.3–90.3)
Consequently, our morphometrics were coincident with previous records, and minor differences detected may be due to the amount of specimens originally studied in those populations or geographical intraspecific variability of them (Archidona-Yuste et al., 2016).
See Table 2.
Morphometrics of
Locality | Lviv | Uzhhorod | J1 | J2 | J3 | J4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Character a | Females | Females | ||||
|
3 | 21 | 10 | 12 | 8 | 8 |
|
7.62 (6.59–8.70) | 6.55 ± 0.57 (5.59–7.54) | 1.50 ± 0.82 (1.34–1.61) | 2.23 ± 0.12 (2.06–2.47) | 3.00 ± 0.27 (2.55–3.29) | 4.88 ± 0.56 (4.17–5.70) |
|
100.0 (94.1–108.8) | 92.4 ± 4.51 (82.7—103.8) | 54.8 ± 1.88 (51.3–57.1) | 64.1 ± 2.35 (59.1–66.6) | 71.2 ± 6.29 (56.6–76.7) | 90.7 ± 5.12 (85.1–98.4) |
|
13.1 (11.5–15.9) | 12.1 ± 1.18 (9.3–13.9) | 5.1 ± 0.63 (3.7–6.0) | 6.3 ± 0.38 (5.7–6.7) | 7.6 ± 0.97 (6.1–8.8) | 11.1 ± 1.27 (9.4–13.1) |
|
215.3 (173.3–255.9) | 163.6 ± 17.6 (130.2–198.5) | 41.9 ± 2.3 (38.7–45.3) | 57.8 ± 4.12 (50.6–64.1) | 79.4 ± 12.20 (62.1–99.9) | 118.4 ± 9.79 (101.7–130.4) |
|
0.65 (0.60–0.72) | 0.73 ± 0.08 (0.63–0.94) | 1.74 ± 0.07 (1.62–1.83) | 1.29 ± 0.10 (1.13–1.48) | 0.99 ± 0.10 (0.83–1.14) | 0.81 ± 0.05 (0.73–0.89) |
|
2.4 (2.3–2.6) | 2.3 ± 0.19 (1.9–2.7) | 2.6 ± 0.22 (2.2–2.9) | 2.4 ± 0.14 (2.1–2.6) | 2.4 ± 0.19 (2.0–2.6) | 2.2 ± 0.20 (1.9–2.6) |
|
2 | 2.0 ± 0.17 (1.6–2.3) | 1.9 ± 0.10 (1.8–2.1) | 1.8 ± 0.13 (1.6–2) | 1.8 ± 0.09 (1.7–2.0) | 1.8 ± 0.09 (1.6–1.9) |
|
52.9 (52.7–53.0) | 53.4 ± 1.93 (48.8–56.3) | – | – | – | – |
Odontostylet length | 134.7 (133–137) | 129.1 ± 4.4 (118–135) | 76.5 ± 2.7 (73–81) | 80.0 ± 3.3 (76–88) | 93.9 ± 3.8 (89–101) | 111.3 ± 3.8 (108–119) |
Odontophore length | 77.3 (65–85) | 78.2 ± 3.7 (70–88) | 48.9 ± 5.0 (44–60) | 54.7 ± 3.9 (48–60) | 61.0 ± 6.1 (52–68) | 63.6 ± 5.0 (58–61) |
Total stylet length | 216 (198–222) | 207.3 ± 5.6 (195–216) | 125.7 ± 6.5 (120–140) | 134.7 ± 6.1 (127–148) | 154.9 ± 9.4 (142–169) | 174.9 ± 8.2 (166–189) |
Replacement odontostylet length | – | – | 81.3 ± 3.2 (74–86) | 96.1 ± 3.3 (92–102) | 107.9 ± 6.3 (98–115) | 124.1 ± 5.1 (114–130) |
Anterior end to guide ring | 40.3 (39–42) | 34.2 ± 1.9 (30–38) | 20.1 ± 0.3 (20–21) | 23.3 ± 1.2 (21–25) | 25.9 ± 1.4 (24–27) | 30.1 ± 1.5 (27–31) |
Pharyngeal bulb length | 171.3 (166–180) | 144.1 ± 10.6 (127–169) | 84.1 ± 6.2 (76–99) | 98.3 ± 4.9 (93–107) | 111.5 ± 3.4 (108–119) | 130.3 ± 5.1 (124–136) |
Pharyngeal bulb width | 27 (26–28) | 25.2 ± 1.1 (23–27) | 13.9 ± 0.7 (13–15) | 17.0 ± 0.9 (16–18) | 19.3 ± 1.0 (18–21) | 22.8 ± 1.4 (21–25) |
Tail length | 35.7 (34–38) | 40.2 ± 3.3 (35–47) | 35.9 ± 1.9 (33–39) | 38.8 ± 2.7 (34–43) | 38.3 ± 4.0 (30–42) | 41.3 ± 1.2 (36–47) |
Hyaline part of tail length | 15 (14–17) | 14.0 ± 1.7 (11–16) | 6.3 ± 0.8 (5–8) | 8.9 ± 0.9 (8–11) | 10.1 ± 1.6 (8–12) | 11.4 ± 1.6 (9–13) |
Width at level of: | ||||||
Lip region | 16.7 (16–17) | 15.1 ± 0.9 (14–17) | 7.9 ± 0.7 (7–9) | 9.9 ± 0.7 (9–11) | 11.0 ± 0.5 (10–12) | 13.5 ± 0.9 (12–15) |
Guide ring | 33.3 (32–34) | 29.7 ± 1.9 (26–34) | 15.1 ± 0.9 (14–17) | 17.9 ± 0.9 (17–20) | 20.1 ± 0.6 (19–21) | 24.6 ± 1.6 (23–27) |
Base of pharynx | 63 (59–66) | 58.4 ± 3.7 (52–65) | 26.9 ± 1.0 (26–29) | 34.2 ± 1.5 (32–36) | 40.4 ± 1.9 (38–43) | 50.4 ± 3.1 (46–54) |
Vulva or mid-body | 76 (70–80) | 70.9 ± 4.4 (65–81) | 27.4 ± 1.1 (26–29) | 34.8 ± 1.7 (32–37) | 42.1 ± 2.5 (38–45) | 53.8 ± 3.8 (49–58) |
Anus | 55.3 (53–57) | 55.0 ± 4.1 (49–62) | 20.6 ± 1.3 (18–22) | 30.2 ± 1.6 (29–34) | 38.8 ± 2.4 (36–42) | 50.8 ± 3.0 (46–55) |
Abbreviations are defined in Jairajpuri and Ahmad (1992).
Body open C to spiral in shape when killed by gentle heat. Lip region 6 μm high, continuous with the rest of the body. Cuticle with fine transverse cuticular striations present along the entire body. Amphidial fovea pouch-like. Odontostyle long and not heavily sclerotized. Vulva transverse, about median in position (49%–56%). No sperm observed in genital tract. Vagina 20.5 (18.0–23.0) μm wide, 45.1 (40.0–49.0) μm long, occupies more than half of the corresponding body width (63.7% (57.9%–71.0%)). Genital tract amphidelphic, anterior and posterior genital branches equally developed 669 (534–847) μm and 631 (457–757) μm long, respectively. Ovaries equally developed 239 (139–353) μm and 229 (132–340) μm long. Prerectum variable in length 301–525 μm long, rectum 32.7 (28–36) μm or almost as long as 2/3 of anal body width. Tail almost hemispherical to bluntly conoid and shorter than anal body width. Two caudal pores present. According to the polytomous key Chen et al. (1997) and the supplement by Loof and Chen (1999), the Ukrainian populations have the following codes (codes in parentheses are exceptions): A5(4) - B2 - C3(24) - D1 - E1 F3(4) - G2 - H1 - I1.
The Ukrainian populations of
Population of
In comparison to type population (Altherr, 1974) and other German populations described by Sturhan and Loof (2001) females from Uzhhorod have shorter body length (6.55 (5.59–7.54)
Uzhhorod population also differs from Polish one (Kornobis and Peneva, 2011) by shorter body 6.55 (5.59–7.54)
Lviv population (three females) was closer to type population and other German and Polish populations. These specimens have longer body and more typical position of the guiding ring. This population differs from German population described by Sturhan and Loof (2001) by a higher c ratio 215.3 (173.3–255.9)
Juveniles of the third and fourth developmental stages of the population from Uzhhorod retain the same differences from the specimens of German and Polish populations as the adult females: shorter body and odontostyle, more anterior position of guiding ring, and shorter replacement odontostyle. Our juveniles also differ from Polish ones by shorter tail in all four developmental stages. In comparison to Czech population, specimens from Uzhhorod have not got any substantial differences.
Consequently, the morphology, morphometry, and molecular data obtained from these samples were consistent with