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Journals
International Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems
Volume 14 (2021): Issue 1 (January 2021)
Open Access
Improving sand flow rate measurement using the wavelet transform and ultrasonic sensors
H. Seraj
H. Seraj
,
B. Evans
B. Evans
and
M. Sarmadivaleh
M. Sarmadivaleh
| Feb 22, 2021
International Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems
Volume 14 (2021): Issue 1 (January 2021)
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Published Online:
Feb 22, 2021
Page range:
1 - 13
Received:
Oct 24, 2020
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21307/ijssis-2021-001
Keywords
Wavelet transform
,
Sand flow rate measurement
,
Ultrasonic sensor
,
Signal processing
,
Time-frequency domain
© 2021 H. Seraj et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Figure 1:
The research flow chart for using ultrasonic sensor & wavelet transform for measuring sand flow rate.
Figure 2:
Morlet wavelet function.
Figure 3:
Illustration of DWT calculation method.
Figure 4:
Flow loop test facility at Curtin University, (A) Computer system, (B) Collection basket, (C) Piping, and (D) Compressor.
Figure 5:
Block diagram of the flow loop at Curtin University.
Figure 6:
The flow loop facility components (A) Variable speed drive (VSD), (B) Hopper (sand injector device), (C) Ultrasonic sensor and metallic base, and (D) Data acquisition system.
Figure 7:
Spectral analysis of ultrasonic signal at velocity of 7 m/sec and sand rate of 35 g/sec.
Figure 8:
Strength of wavelet transform versus sand flow rate at various frequency intervals.
Figure 9:
Sum of wavelet coefficients across two frequency ranges versus the sand flow rate.
Figure 10:
Fitting linear curve to the DWT in frequency range from 15.625–62.5 kHz.
Figure 11:
Energy of DWT in frequency range 15.625–62.5 kHz at various velocities.
Frequency intervals of wavelet transform.
Interval 1
500 kHz–1 MHz
Interval 4
62.5–125 kHz
Interval 7
7.8125–15.625 kHz
Interval 2
250–500 kHz
Interval 5
31.25–62.5 kHz
Interval 8
3.90625–7.8125 kHz
Interval 3
125–250 kHz
Interval 6
15.625–31.25 kHz
Interval 9
1.953125–3.90625 kHz