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Testing the Rip Van Winkle Effect: Sleep Extension following Nominal and Restricted Sleep

CJ Hilditch
CJ Hilditch
, 
WC Dement
WC Dement
 and 
MA Carskadon
MA Carskadon
   | Sep 01, 2022
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Article Category: research-article
Published Online: Sep 01, 2022
Page range: 3 - 17
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/esw-2020-001
Keywords
© 2022 Hilditch CJ et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Protocol schematic. BL: baseline; MEM: Williams word memory test; POMS: Profile Of Mood States; SLT: sleep latency test; SSS: Stanford Sleepiness Scale; WAVT: Wilkinson auditory vigilance task.
Protocol schematic. BL: baseline; MEM: Williams word memory test; POMS: Profile Of Mood States; SLT: sleep latency test; SSS: Stanford Sleepiness Scale; WAVT: Wilkinson auditory vigilance task.

Figure 2.

Mean (± SEM) values for MSLT and neurobehavioural outcomes across time-of-day for each condition. Some scales reversed so that all panels show higher alertness and performance in upwards direction. NC: experimental control night following baseline nominal; RC: experimental control night following baseline restricted; NE: experimental extended night following baseline nominal; RE: experimental extended night following baseline restricted.
Mean (± SEM) values for MSLT and neurobehavioural outcomes across time-of-day for each condition. Some scales reversed so that all panels show higher alertness and performance in upwards direction. NC: experimental control night following baseline nominal; RC: experimental control night following baseline restricted; NE: experimental extended night following baseline nominal; RE: experimental extended night following baseline restricted.

Figure 3.

Change in objective (MSLT) and subjective (SSS) sleepiness after extended sleep (NE) compared to control sleep (NC) (both nights following nominal baseline sleep) for each participant.
Change in objective (MSLT) and subjective (SSS) sleepiness after extended sleep (NE) compared to control sleep (NC) (both nights following nominal baseline sleep) for each participant.

Bed, sleep, wake and rise times for each laboratory study night.

Schedule Bed Time Sleep Time Wake Time Rise Time
Baseline Nominal (N) 2300 2300 0730 0730
Baseline Restricted (R) 2300 0100 * 0730 0730
Experimental Control (C) 2300 2300 0730 * 1000
Experimental Extended (E) 2300 2300 1000 1000

Results from the linear mixed-effects ANOVA for neurobehavioural outcomes.

Planned comparisons (p-values)
df F P NC v NE RC v RE NE v RE
MSLT
Condition 3,152 11.779 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.311
Time-of-day 4,152 22.318 <0.001
Cond*Time 12,152 1.384 0.179
SSS
Condition 3,152 1.620 0.187 - - -
Time-of-day 4,152 3.111 0.017
Cond*Time 12,152 0.525 0.896
POMS Fatigue
Condition 3,120 3.917 0.010 0.510 0.001 0.122
Time-of-day 3,120 7.575 <0.001
Cond*Time 9,120 1.172 0.319
POMS Vigor
Condition 3,120 4.366 0.006 0.030 0.006 0.919
Time-of-day 3,120 3.256 0.024
Cond*Time 9,120 1.278 0.256
WAVT
Condition 3,120 0.873 0.457 - - -
Time-of-day 3,120 3.002 0.033
Cond*Time 9,120 0.999 0.445
MEM
Condition 3,120 0.440 0.725 - - -
Time-of-day 3,120 0.185 0.906
Cond*Time 9,120 0.279 0.979

Sleep variables for each study night.

N R NC RC NE RE
TIB 510 390 510 510 660 660
TST 489 (19)bf 383 (8)i 491 (11)bf 493 (15)bf 620 (40)abc 625 (22)abc
Stage 1 35 (16)bh 18 (7)i 32 (14)bf 28 (14)bf 41 (18)bc 47 (20)abc
Stage 2 264 (33)bf 202 (24)i 267 (27)bf 256 (16)bf 334 (42)abc 317 (32)abc
SWS 83 (27)h 76 (26)ef 83 (21)h 86 (28)b 89 (28)b 96 (31)abd
REM 101 (22)bf 83 (21)i 101 (18)bef 116 (20)i 148 (18)abc 157 (34)abc
REM Periods (n) 4.8 (0.9)bf 4 (0.9)i 4.7 (0.9)bf 4.9 (0.6)bf 6.7 (1.1)abc 6.6 (1.2)abc
SOL 9 (9)b 4 (2)adg 13 (10)bhd 5h (3)h 10b (10)b 7 (5)d
WASO 12 (18)bh 4 (6)af 6 (4)f 10 (15)h 19 (20)bd 23 (21)abc

Sleepiness, mood and performance for each experimental condition.

NC RC NE RE
MSLT (min) 10.1 (7.4)a 9.4 (6.9)b 14.2 (6.6) 13.3 (7.1)
SSS 2.9 (0.7) 3.0 (0.9) 2.8 (0.8) 2.8 (0.7)
POMS Fatigue 3.7 (4.0) 4.3 (4.3)b 3.3 (3.1) 2.4 (2.6)
POMS Vigor 7.2 (5.8)a 6.6 (5.9)b 9.0 (6.2) 8.9 (6.6)
WAVT (No. missed) 1.6 (2.5) 1.4 (2.0) 1.3 (1.7) 1.0 (1.0)
MEM (No. correct) 15.0 (4.1) 14.1 (4.3) 14.6 (4.9) 14.8 (5.1)
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