Open Access

Mapping Gray Maritime Networks

Wayne Porter
Wayne Porter
, 
Rob Schroeder
Rob Schroeder
, 
Chris Callaghan
Chris Callaghan
, 
Albert Barreto
Albert Barreto
, 
Sam Bussell
Sam Bussell
, 
Brian Young
Brian Young
, 
Manuel Loewer
Manuel Loewer
, 
Daniel Funk
Daniel Funk
 and 
Janet von Eiff
Janet von Eiff
   | Oct 23, 2019
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Published Online: Oct 23, 2019
Page range: 1 - 12
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/connections-2019-006
Keywords
© 2019 Wayne Porter et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

February 2015 network (left) and activity (right). Nodes sized by betweenness cetrality and colored by vessell type (Yellow – TUGs/Pilot Boats, Teal – Cargo, Red – DREDGERs/Specialized Ships, Blue – Offshore Supply, Light Green – CoastGuard, and Other/Unknown – Gray). On right, lines of a Ship’s Track are colored by type of vessel with islands indicated as blue circle and ports as green circles.
February 2015 network (left) and activity (right). Nodes sized by betweenness cetrality and colored by vessell type (Yellow – TUGs/Pilot Boats, Teal – Cargo, Red – DREDGERs/Specialized Ships, Blue – Offshore Supply, Light Green – CoastGuard, and Other/Unknown – Gray). On right, lines of a Ship’s Track are colored by type of vessel with islands indicated as blue circle and ports as green circles.

Figure 2:

April 2015 network (left) and activity (right). Nodes sized by betweenness cetrality and colored by vessell type (Yellow – TUGs/pilot boats, TEAL – Cargo, Red – DREDGERs/Specialized Ships, Blue – Offshore Supply, Light Green – Coastguard, Tanker – Brown, and Other/Unknown – Gray). On right, lines of a ship’s track are colored by type of vessel with islands indicated as blue circle and ports as green circles.
April 2015 network (left) and activity (right). Nodes sized by betweenness cetrality and colored by vessell type (Yellow – TUGs/pilot boats, TEAL – Cargo, Red – DREDGERs/Specialized Ships, Blue – Offshore Supply, Light Green – Coastguard, Tanker – Brown, and Other/Unknown – Gray). On right, lines of a ship’s track are colored by type of vessel with islands indicated as blue circle and ports as green circles.

Figure 3:

November 2015 network (left) and activity (Right). Nodes sized by betweenness cetrality and colored by vessell type (Yellow – TUGs/Pilot Boats, TEAL – Cargo, Red – DREDGERs/Specialized Ships, Blue – Offshore Supply, Light GREEN – Coastguard, Tanker – Brown, Fishing Vessel Purple, and Other/Unknown – Gray). On right, lines of a ship’s track are colored by type of vessel with islands indicated as blue circle and ports as green circles.
November 2015 network (left) and activity (Right). Nodes sized by betweenness cetrality and colored by vessell type (Yellow – TUGs/Pilot Boats, TEAL – Cargo, Red – DREDGERs/Specialized Ships, Blue – Offshore Supply, Light GREEN – Coastguard, Tanker – Brown, Fishing Vessel Purple, and Other/Unknown – Gray). On right, lines of a ship’s track are colored by type of vessel with islands indicated as blue circle and ports as green circles.

Figure 4:

Location to location network, nodes size by authority score and colored with Spratley islands (Orange), Paracel Islands (Purple), and Ports (Green).
Location to location network, nodes size by authority score and colored with Spratley islands (Orange), Paracel Islands (Purple), and Ports (Green).

Figure 5:

Network of companies with entities explicitly part of the Chinese Government highlighted in orange (left). Network on right shows companies with Chinese Government and isolates removed. Nodes sized by inverse constraint, colored by component with CCCC component – Red, COSCO and China Huaneng Group – Blue.
Network of companies with entities explicitly part of the Chinese Government highlighted in orange (left). Network on right shows companies with Chinese Government and isolates removed. Nodes sized by inverse constraint, colored by component with CCCC component – Red, COSCO and China Huaneng Group – Blue.

Top 10 companies with lowest constraint.

Name Constraint Component color
China Communications Construction Company Ltd (CCCC) 0.162 Red
Shenzhen Ocean Shipping Co Ltd (COSCO SHENZHEN) 0.275 Blue
CCCC Tianjin Dredging Co Ltd 0.309 Red
China Huaneng Group Co Ltd 0.321 Blue
China COSCO Shipping Corp Ltd 0.328 Blue
CCCC Shanghai Dredging Co Ltd 0.331 Red
COSCO Shipping Seafarer Mgmt 0.355 Blue
Tianjin Cosbulk Ship Mgmt 0.361 Blue
ICBC Financial Leasing Co Ltd 0.367 Blue
COSCO Bulk Carrier Co Ltd (COSCO BULK) 0.368 Blue

Relationship codebook.

Relationship Type Definition
Ship co-location One-mode For each month, a ship-to-ship network was created by determining whether the ships were co-located within 3 km of each other at the same time based on route trajectories (excluding major ports)
Ship at location Two-mode A ship was considered to be arriving at a port or island if it broadcast an AIS location within a certain distance threshold (five nautical miles). If a ship’s location was determined to be within the threshold for multiple ports, the closest port was considered its destination
Ship to company Two-mode A ship was tied to a company when a company was listed as the ship’s owner, operator, document compliance company, manager, or technical manager
Company to company One-mode A subsidiary company was tied to its parent company

Top 10 hubs and authorities.

Top 10 hubs Hub score Top 10 authorities Authority score
Fiery Cross Reef 1.000 Mischief Reef 1.000
Johnson Reef South 0.698 Fiery Cross Reef 0.682
Mischief Reef 0.683 Subi Reef 0.567
Subi Reef 0.660 Johnson Reef South 0.513
Hughes Reef 0.406 Gaven Reef 0.380
Gaven Reef 0.366 Hughes Reef 0.369
Sanya (Port) 0.352 Sanya (Port) 0.289
Second Thomas Reef 0.346 Cuarteron Reef 0.219
Cuarteron Reef 0.190 Second Thomas Reef 0.164
Basuo (Port) 0.128 Basuo (Port) 0.102

Temporal network level metrics.

Time Period Size Edges Average degree Average clustering coefficient Degree centralization Betweenness centralization
T0 November 2014 34 41 2.412 0.422 0.103 0.013
T1 December 2014 24 36 3.000 0.561 0.159 0.043
T2 January 2015 36 107 5.944 0.578 0.133 0.035
T3 February 2015 48 201 8.375 0.708 0.181 0.072
T4 March 2015 75 469 12.507 0.691 0.154 0.032
T5 April 2015 82 781 19.049 0.711 0.206 0.048
T6 May 2015 99 898 18.141 0.657 0.138 0.026
T8 June 2015 122 1,451 23.787 0.698 0.168 0.042
T9 July 2015 124 1,087 17.532 0.661 0.174 0.044
T10 August 2015 97 768 15.835 0.687 0.143 0.051
T11 September 2015 90 845 18.778 0.729 0.183 0.035
T12 October 2015 70 694 19.829 0.730 0.178 0.023
T13 November 2015 67 464 13.851 0.614 0.163 0.036
T14 December 2015 62 400 12.903 0.694 0.151 0.053
T15 January 2016 68 402 11.824 0.700 0.153 0.033
T16 February 2016 53 318 12.000 0.677 0.206 0.023
T17 March 2016 39 153 7.846 0.653 0.205 0.067
eISSN:
0226-1766
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
Volume Open
Journal Subjects:
Social Sciences, other
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