Understanding Parkinson's Disease: A Basic Overview

Advance Care Planning Australia. (2021). Advance care planning explained Austin Health. Retrieved 18 March from https://www.advancecareplanning.org.au/understand-advance-care-planning/advance-care-planning-explained Advance Care Planning Australia 2021 Advance care planning explained Austin Health Retrieved 18 March from https://www.advancecareplanning.org.au/understand-advance-care-planning/advance-care-planning-explained Search in Google Scholar

Aradi, S. D., & Hauser, R. A. (2020). Medical Management and Prevention of Motor Complications in Parkinson's Disease. Neurotherapeutics, 17(4), 1339–1365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-020-00889-4 AradiS. D. HauserR. A. 2020 Medical Management and Prevention of Motor Complications in Parkinson's Disease Neurotherapeutics 17 4 1339 1365 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-020-00889-4 Search in Google Scholar

Barrachina-Fernández, M., Maitín, A. M., Sánchez-Ávila, C., & Romero, J. P. (2021). Wearable Technology to Detect Motor Fluctuations in Parkinson's Disease Patients: Current State and Challenges. Sensors (Basel), 21(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124188 Barrachina-FernándezM. MaitínA. M. Sánchez-ÁvilaC. RomeroJ. P. 2021 Wearable Technology to Detect Motor Fluctuations in Parkinson's Disease Patients: Current State and Challenges Sensors (Basel) 21 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124188 Search in Google Scholar

Barthel, C., Mallia, E., Debu, B., Bloem, B. R., & Ferraye, M. U. (2016). The Practicalities of Assessing Freezing of Gait. Journal of Parkinson's Disease, 6, 667–674. https://doi.org/10.3233/JPD-160927 BarthelC. MalliaE. DebuB. BloemB. R. FerrayeM. U. 2016 The Practicalities of Assessing Freezing of Gait Journal of Parkinson's Disease 6 667 674 https://doi.org/10.3233/JPD-160927 Search in Google Scholar

Beitz, J. M. (2014). Parkinson's disease: a review. Front Biosci (Schol Ed), 6(1), 65–74. https://doi.org/10.2741/s415 BeitzJ. M. 2014 Parkinson's disease: a review Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 6 1 65 74 https://doi.org/10.2741/s415 Search in Google Scholar

Bhasin, S. K., & Bharadwaj, I. U. (2021). Perceptions and meanings of living with Parkinson's disease: an account of caregivers lived experiences. International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being, 16(1), 1967263–1967263. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2021.1967263 BhasinS. K. BharadwajI. U. 2021 Perceptions and meanings of living with Parkinson's disease: an account of caregivers lived experiences International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being 16 1 1967263 1967263 https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2021.1967263 Search in Google Scholar

Bhat, S., Acharya, U. R., Hagiwara, Y., Dadmehr, N., & Adeli, H. (2018). Parkinson's disease: Cause factors, measurable indicators, and early diagnosis. Comput Biol Med, 102, 234–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.09.008 BhatS. AcharyaU. R. HagiwaraY. DadmehrN. AdeliH. 2018 Parkinson's disease: Cause factors, measurable indicators, and early diagnosis Comput Biol Med 102 234 241 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.09.008 Search in Google Scholar

Borghammer, P., & Van Den Berge, N. (2019). Brain-First versus Gut-First Parkinson's Disease: A Hypothesis. J Parkinsons Dis, 9(s2), S281–s295. https://doi.org/10.3233/jpd-191721 BorghammerP. Van Den BergeN. 2019 Brain-First versus Gut-First Parkinson's Disease: A Hypothesis J Parkinsons Dis 9 s2 S281 s295 https://doi.org/10.3233/jpd-191721 Search in Google Scholar

Carbone, F., Djamshidian, A., Seppi, K., & Poewe, W. (2019). Apomorphine for Parkinson's Disease: Efficacy and Safety of Current and New Formulations. CNS Drugs, 33(9), 905–918. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-019-00661-z CarboneF. DjamshidianA. SeppiK. PoeweW. 2019 Apomorphine for Parkinson's Disease: Efficacy and Safety of Current and New Formulations CNS Drugs 33 9 905 918 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-019-00661-z Search in Google Scholar

Eichel, H. V., Heine, J., Wegner, F., Rogozinski, S., Stiel, S., Groh, A., Krey, L., Höglinger, G. U., & Klietz, M. (2022). Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease Patients Are Associated with Reduced Health-Related Quality of Life and Increased Caregiver Burden. Brain Sci, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12010089 EichelH. V. HeineJ. WegnerF. RogozinskiS. StielS. GrohA. KreyL. HöglingerG. U. KlietzM. 2022 Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease Patients Are Associated with Reduced Health-Related Quality of Life and Increased Caregiver Burden Brain Sci 12 1 https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12010089 Search in Google Scholar

Foltynie, T., Magee, C., James, C., Webster, G. J. M., Lees, A. J., & Limousin, P. (2013). Impact of Duodopa on Quality of Life in Advanced Parkinson's Disease: A UK Case Series. Parkinsons Dis, 2013, 362908–362905. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/362908 FoltynieT. MageeC. JamesC. WebsterG. J. M. LeesA. J. LimousinP. 2013 Impact of Duodopa on Quality of Life in Advanced Parkinson's Disease: A UK Case Series Parkinsons Dis 2013 362908 362905 https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/362908 Search in Google Scholar

Goetz, C. G., Tilley, B. C., Shaftman, S. R., Stebbins, G. T., Fahn, S., Martinez-Martin, P., Poewe, W., Sampaio, C., Stern, M. B., Dodel, R., Dubois, B., Holloway, R., Jankovic, J., Kulisevsky, J., Lang, A. E., Lees, A., Leurgans, S., LeWitt, P. A., Nyenhuis, D., Olanow, C. W., Rascol, O., Schrag, A., Teresi, J. A., van Hilten, J. J., & LaPelle, N. (2008). Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): Scale presentation and clinimetric testing results. Mov. Disord, 23(15), 2129–2170. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22340 GoetzC. G. TilleyB. C. ShaftmanS. R. StebbinsG. T. FahnS. Martinez-MartinP. PoeweW. SampaioC. SternM. B. DodelR. DuboisB. HollowayR. JankovicJ. KulisevskyJ. LangA. E. LeesA. LeurgansS. LeWittP. A. NyenhuisD. OlanowC. W. RascolO. SchragA. TeresiJ. A. van HiltenJ. J. LaPelleN. 2008 Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): Scale presentation and clinimetric testing results Mov. Disord 23 15 2129 2170 https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22340 Search in Google Scholar

Greenland, J. C., Williams-Gray, C. H., & Barker, R. A. (2019). The clinical heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease and its therapeutic implications. Eur J Neurosci, 49(3), 328–338. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.14094 GreenlandJ. C. Williams-GrayC. H. BarkerR. A. 2019 The clinical heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease and its therapeutic implications Eur J Neurosci 49 3 328 338 https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.14094 Search in Google Scholar

Grissinger, M. (2018). Delayed Administration and Contraindicated Drugs Place Hospitalized Parkinson's Disease Patients at Risk. P & T : a peer-reviewed journal for formulary management, 43(1), 10–39. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29290668 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5737245/ GrissingerM. 2018 Delayed Administration and Contraindicated Drugs Place Hospitalized Parkinson's Disease Patients at Risk P & T : a peer-reviewed journal for formulary management 43 1 10 39 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29290668 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5737245/ Search in Google Scholar

Grover, S., Somaiya, M., Kumar, S., & Avasthi, A. (2015). Psychiatric aspects of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci Rural Pract, 6(1), 65–76. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.143197 GroverS. SomaiyaM. KumarS. AvasthiA. 2015 Psychiatric aspects of Parkinson's disease J Neurosci Rural Pract 6 1 65 76 https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.143197 Search in Google Scholar

Hartmann, C. J., Fliegen, S., Groiss, S. J., Wojtecki, L., & Schnitzler, A. (2019). An update on best practice of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Ther Adv Neurol Disord, 12, 1756286419838096–1756286419838096. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756286419838096 HartmannC. J. FliegenS. GroissS. J. WojteckiL. SchnitzlerA. 2019 An update on best practice of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease Ther Adv Neurol Disord 12 1756286419838096 1756286419838096 https://doi.org/10.1177/1756286419838096 Search in Google Scholar

Hayes, M. W., Fung, V. S., Kimber, T. E., & O’Sullivan, J. D. (2010). Current concepts in the management of Parkinson disease. The Medical Journal of Australia, 192(3), 144–149. HayesM. W. FungV. S. KimberT. E. O’SullivanJ. D. 2010 Current concepts in the management of Parkinson disease The Medical Journal of Australia 192 3 144 149 Search in Google Scholar

Hung, A. Y., & Schwarzschild, M. A. (2014). Treatment of Parkinson's disease: what's in the non-dopaminergic pipeline? Neurotherapeutics, 11(1), 34–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-013-0239-9 HungA. Y. SchwarzschildM. A. 2014 Treatment of Parkinson's disease: what's in the non-dopaminergic pipeline? Neurotherapeutics 11 1 34 46 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-013-0239-9 Search in Google Scholar

Jose, A., Bhargavan, A., Appireddy, R., Raghunath, P., Rajan, R., & Iype, T. (2021). Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and Caregiver's Burden in Parkinson's Disease Patients in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in South India: A Cross-Sectional Study. Neurology India, 69(6), 1706–1710. https://doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.333437 JoseA. BhargavanA. AppireddyR. RaghunathP. RajanR. IypeT. 2021 Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and Caregiver's Burden in Parkinson's Disease Patients in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in South India: A Cross-Sectional Study Neurology India 69 6 1706 1710 https://doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.333437 Search in Google Scholar

Kaiserova, M., Grambalova, Z., Kurcova, S., Otruba, P., Prikrylova Vranova, H., Mensikova, K., & Kanovsky, P. (2021). Premotor Parkinson's disease: Overview of clinical symptoms and current diagnostic methods. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub, 165(2), 103–112. https://doi.org/10.5507/bp.2021.002 KaiserovaM. GrambalovaZ. KurcovaS. OtrubaP. Prikrylova VranovaH. MensikovaK. KanovskyP. 2021 Premotor Parkinson's disease: Overview of clinical symptoms and current diagnostic methods Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 165 2 103 112 https://doi.org/10.5507/bp.2021.002 Search in Google Scholar

Kujawska, M., & Jodynis-Liebert, J. (2018). What is the Evidence That Parkinson's Disease is a Prion Disorder, Which Originates in the Gut? Int J Mol Sci, 19(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113573 KujawskaM. Jodynis-LiebertJ. 2018 What is the Evidence That Parkinson's Disease is a Prion Disorder, Which Originates in the Gut? Int J Mol Sci 19 11 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113573 Search in Google Scholar

Lee, T. K., & Yankee, E. L. (2021). A review on Parkinson's disease treatment. Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation, 8, 222. https://doi.org/10.20517/2347-8659.2020.58 LeeT. K. YankeeE. L. 2021 A review on Parkinson's disease treatment Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation 8 222 https://doi.org/10.20517/2347-8659.2020.58 Search in Google Scholar

Lees, A. (2017). An essay on the shaking palsy. Brain, 140(3), 843–848. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awx035 LeesA. 2017 An essay on the shaking palsy Brain 140 3 843 848 https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awx035 Search in Google Scholar

Lo Buono, V., Palmeri, R., De Salvo, S., Berenati, M., Greco, A., Ciurleo, R., Sorbera, C., Cimino, V., Corallo, F., Bramanti, P., Marino, S., Di Lorenzo, G., & Bonanno, L. (2021). Anxiety, depression, and quality of life in Parkinson's disease: the implications of multidisciplinary treatment. Neural Regen Res, 16(3), 587–590. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.293151 Lo BuonoV. PalmeriR. De SalvoS. BerenatiM. GrecoA. CiurleoR. SorberaC. CiminoV. CoralloF. BramantiP. MarinoS. Di LorenzoG. BonannoL. 2021 Anxiety, depression, and quality of life in Parkinson's disease: the implications of multidisciplinary treatment Neural Regen Res 16 3 587 590 https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.293151 Search in Google Scholar

Martini, A., Weis, L., Schifano, R., Pistonesi, F., Fiorenzato, E., Antonini, A., & Biundo, R. (2020). Differences in cognitive profiles between Lewy body and Parkinson's disease dementia. Journal of Neural Transmission, 127(3), 323–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-019-02129-2 MartiniA. WeisL. SchifanoR. PistonesiF. FiorenzatoE. AntoniniA. BiundoR. 2020 Differences in cognitive profiles between Lewy body and Parkinson's disease dementia Journal of Neural Transmission 127 3 323 330 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-019-02129-2 Search in Google Scholar

Mohamad, K. A., Wahdan, S. A., & Elnaga, R. N. (2021). Overview on Parkinson's disease: pathophysiology, and experimental models. Archives of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ain Shams University, 5(2), 212–224. https://doi.org/10.21608/aps.2021.92639.1068 MohamadK. A. WahdanS. A. ElnagaR. N. 2021 Overview on Parkinson's disease: pathophysiology, and experimental models Archives of Pharmaceutical Sciences Ain Shams University 5 2 212 224 https://doi.org/10.21608/aps.2021.92639.1068 Search in Google Scholar

Nakmode, D. D., Day, C. M., Song, Y., & Garg, S. (2023). The Management of Parkinson's Disease: An Overview of the Current Advancements in Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15051503 NakmodeD. D. DayC. M. SongY. GargS. 2023 The Management of Parkinson's Disease: An Overview of the Current Advancements in Drug Delivery Systems Pharmaceutics 15 5 https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15051503 Search in Google Scholar

Nolden, L. F., Tartavoulle, T., & Porche, D. J. (2014). Parkinson's Disease: Assessment, Diagnosis, and Management. Journal for nurse practitioners, 10(7), 500–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2014.04.019 NoldenL. F. TartavoulleT. PorcheD. J. 2014 Parkinson's Disease: Assessment, Diagnosis, and Management Journal for nurse practitioners 10 7 500 506 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2014.04.019 Search in Google Scholar

Postuma, R. B., Berg, D., Adler, C. H., Bloem, B. R., Chan, P., Deuschl, G., Gasser, T., Goetz, C. G., Halliday, G., Joseph, L., Lang, A. E., Liepelt-Scarfone, I., Litvan, I., Marek, K., Oertel, W., Olanow, C. W., Poewe, W., & Stern, M. (2016). The new definition and diagnostic criteria of Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol, 15(6), 546–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(16)00116-2 PostumaR. B. BergD. AdlerC. H. BloemB. R. ChanP. DeuschlG. GasserT. GoetzC. G. HallidayG. JosephL. LangA. E. Liepelt-ScarfoneI. LitvanI. MarekK. OertelW. OlanowC. W. PoeweW. SternM. 2016 The new definition and diagnostic criteria of Parkinson's disease Lancet Neurol 15 6 546 548 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(16)00116-2 Search in Google Scholar

Rietdijk, C. D., Perez-Pardo, P., Garssen, J., van Wezel, R. J. A., & Kraneveld, A. D. (2017). Exploring Braak's Hypothesis of Parkinson's Disease [Review]. Frontiers in neurology, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00037 RietdijkC. D. Perez-PardoP. GarssenJ. van WezelR. J. A. KraneveldA. D. 2017 Exploring Braak's Hypothesis of Parkinson's Disease [Review] Frontiers in neurology 8 https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00037 Search in Google Scholar

Rispoli, V., Simioni, V., Capone, J. G., Golfrè Andreasi, N., Preda, F., Sette, E., Tugnoli, V., & Sensi, M. (2017). Peripheral neuropathy in 30 duodopa patients with vitamins B supplementation. Acta Neurol Scand, 136(6), 660–667. https://doi.org/10.1111/ane.12783 RispoliV. SimioniV. CaponeJ. G. Golfrè AndreasiN. PredaF. SetteE. TugnoliV. SensiM. 2017 Peripheral neuropathy in 30 duodopa patients with vitamins B supplementation Acta Neurol Scand 136 6 660 667 https://doi.org/10.1111/ane.12783 Search in Google Scholar

Samson, E., & Noseworthy, M. D. (2022). A review of diagnostic imaging approaches to assessing Parkinson's disease. Brain Disorders, 6, 100037. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dscb.2022.100037 SamsonE. NoseworthyM. D. 2022 A review of diagnostic imaging approaches to assessing Parkinson's disease Brain Disorders 6 100037 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dscb.2022.100037 Search in Google Scholar

Simioni, V., Sette, E., Capone, J. G., Preda, F., Granieri, E., Sensi, M., & Tugnoli, V. (2016). 50. Peripheral neuropathy associated with Duodopa infusion: neurophysiological retrospective study. Clinical neurophysiology, 127(12), e335–e335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016.10.062 SimioniV. SetteE. CaponeJ. G. PredaF. GranieriE. SensiM. TugnoliV. 2016 50. Peripheral neuropathy associated with Duodopa infusion: neurophysiological retrospective study Clinical neurophysiology 127 12 e335 e335 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016.10.062 Search in Google Scholar

Spliethoff-Kamminga, N. G. A., Zwinderman, A. H., Springer, M. P., & Roos, R. A. C. (2003). A disease-specific psychosocial questionnaire for Parkinson's disease caregivers. J Neurol, 250(10), 1162–1168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-003-0165-6 Spliethoff-KammingaN. G. A. ZwindermanA. H. SpringerM. P. RoosR. A. C. 2003 A disease-specific psychosocial questionnaire for Parkinson's disease caregivers J Neurol 250 10 1162 1168 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-003-0165-6 Search in Google Scholar

Taki, S., Maekita, T., Sakata, M., Fukatsu, K., Maeda, Y., Iguchi, M., Ito, H., & Kitano, M. (2019). Migration of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrojejunostomy tube into the colon with small intestinal telescoping. Clin Endosc, 52(6), 616–619. https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2019.016 TakiS. MaekitaT. SakataM. FukatsuK. MaedaY. IguchiM. ItoH. KitanoM. 2019 Migration of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrojejunostomy tube into the colon with small intestinal telescoping Clin Endosc 52 6 616 619 https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2019.016 Search in Google Scholar

Tsui, D. S.-Y. (2014). The Tomorrow: Advanced Treatments in Parkinson's Disease Does Not Necessarily Equate to Treatments in Advanced Parkinson's Disease Australasian Journal of Neuroscience, 24(2), 34–37. TsuiD. S.-Y. 2014 The Tomorrow: Advanced Treatments in Parkinson's Disease Does Not Necessarily Equate to Treatments in Advanced Parkinson's Disease Australasian Journal of Neuroscience 24 2 34 37 Search in Google Scholar

Tysnes, O.-B., & Storstein, A. (2017). Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neural Transmission, 124(8), 901–905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-017-1686-y TysnesO.-B. StorsteinA. 2017 Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease Journal of Neural Transmission 124 8 901 905 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-017-1686-y Search in Google Scholar

Waller, S., Williams, L., Morales-Briceño, H., & Fung, V. (2021). The initial diagnosis and management of Parkinson's disease. Australian Journal for General Practitioners, 50, 793–800. https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2021/november/diagnosis-and-management-of-parkinsons WallerS. WilliamsL. Morales-BriceñoH. FungV. 2021 The initial diagnosis and management of Parkinson's disease Australian Journal for General Practitioners 50 793 800 https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2021/november/diagnosis-and-management-of-parkinsons Search in Google Scholar

Xu, Z., Anderson, K. N., Saffari, S. E., Lawson, R. A., Chaudhuri, K. R., Brooks, D., & Pavese, N. (2021). Progression of sleep disturbances in Parkinson's disease: a 5-year longitudinal study. J Neurol, 268(1), 312–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-10140-x XuZ. AndersonK. N. SaffariS. E. LawsonR. A. ChaudhuriK. R. BrooksD. PaveseN. 2021 Progression of sleep disturbances in Parkinson's disease: a 5-year longitudinal study J Neurol 268 1 312 320 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-10140-x Search in Google Scholar

Yi, Q., Yu-Peng, C., Jiang-Ting, L., Jing-Yi, L., Qi-Xiong, Q., Dan-Lei, W., Jing-Wei, Z., Zhi-Juan, M., Yong-Jie, X., Zhe, M., & Zheng, X. (2022). Worse Sleep Quality Aggravates the Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci, 14, 887094. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.887094 YiQ. Yu-PengC. Jiang-TingL. Jing-YiL. Qi-XiongQ. Dan-LeiW. Jing-WeiZ. Zhi-JuanM. Yong-JieX. ZheM. ZhengX. 2022 Worse Sleep Quality Aggravates the Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease Front Aging Neurosci 14 887094 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.887094 Search in Google Scholar