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Figure 1.

Daily observed mean, maximal and minimal temperatures in Kraków over 2016 [5], with relation to the temperature range suggested by [6] for an office building at 60% humidity
Daily observed mean, maximal and minimal temperatures in Kraków over 2016 [5], with relation to the temperature range suggested by [6] for an office building at 60% humidity

Figure 2.

Schematic overview for estimating the temperature (t1’=?) at a point marked by the blue square by means of temperatures measured at three points (yellow circles). Visualisation on plane coordinates (XY)
Schematic overview for estimating the temperature (t1’=?) at a point marked by the blue square by means of temperatures measured at three points (yellow circles). Visualisation on plane coordinates (XY)

Figure 3.

Panoramic view of lecture hall where measurements were performed by thermal imaging
Panoramic view of lecture hall where measurements were performed by thermal imaging

Figure 4.

Lecture hall layout. BMS – Building Management System, AC – Air-conditioning
Lecture hall layout. BMS – Building Management System, AC – Air-conditioning

Figure 5.

Maps visualising temperature (°C) distribution in investigated room under four scenarios
Maps visualising temperature (°C) distribution in investigated room under four scenarios

Figure 6.

Optimal locations for three sensors to estimate spatial temperature distribution with the highest precision for the four scenarios
Optimal locations for three sensors to estimate spatial temperature distribution with the highest precision for the four scenarios

Figure 7.

Scatter plot for the steady-state scenario
Scatter plot for the steady-state scenario

Figure 8.

Scatter plot for the intensive heating scenario
Scatter plot for the intensive heating scenario

Figure 9.

Scatter plot for the natural ventilation scenario
Scatter plot for the natural ventilation scenario

Figure 10.

Scatter plot for the air-conditioning scenario
Scatter plot for the air-conditioning scenario

Optimisation procedure results. One sensor was located where the BMS sensor is as a reference. Here “error” refers to the absolute error | t j ′ - t j |

Scenario Max Error (°C) Min Error (°C) MAPE (%)
Number of sensors 1 3 1 3 1 3
1. Steady-state 0.8 0.64 0 0 1.28 0.64
2. Intensive heating 5.95 3.39 1.12 0.01 14.07 6.22
3. Intensive natural ventilation 2.4 1.59 0 0.02 3.95 2.39
4. Air-conditioning 6.1 6.00 0 0.02 13.52 13.24
eISSN:
1899-0142
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
4 times per year
Journal Subjects:
Architecture and Design, Architecture, Architects, Buildings