nsp1 |
Inhibits host translation and gene expression by mRNA degradation and binding 40S ribosome subunit resulting in blocking innate immune response [29, 30, 64]. |
nsp2 |
Binds to prohibitin proteins, function not determined [11, 22] |
nsp3 |
PL2pro multi-domain transmembrane protein, possessing: |
• ADRP activity, promotes cytokine expression; |
• PLPro/Deubiquitinase domain, cleaves viral polyprotein; |
• antagonist of IRF3 and NF-τB Signaling resulting in blocking host immune response; |
• Ubl1 and Ac domains, interact with N protein; |
• Ubl2, NAB, G2M, SUD, Y domains, unknown functions [9, 16, 19, 44, 54]. |
nsp4 |
Interacts with nsp3; induce the Formation of Double-Membrane Vesicles [2, 48]. |
nsp5 |
MoPro or 3CLpro processing of viral polyproteins [66]. |
nsp6 |
Potential transmembrane scaffold protein [40]. |
nsp7 |
Forms hexadecameric nsp7-nsp8 complex, essential co-factor of nsp12, may act as processivity clamp for RNA polymerase [34, 77]. |
nsp8 |
Forms hexadecameric nsp7-nsp8 complex, essential co-factor of nsp12, may act as primase [34, 77]. |
nsp9 |
Single-stranded RNA binding protein [17]. |
nsp10 |
Cofactor for nsp16 and nsp14, forms heterodimer with both and stimulates ExoN and S-adenosylmethionine-dependent (nucleoside-2′-O)-methyltransferase [6, 10, 13, 41]. |
nsp12 |
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) [34]. |
nsp13 |
Superfamily 1-like helicase (HEL1), RNA helicase, 5’ triphosphatase [28]. |
nsp14 |
• C-terminal domain functions as a (guanine-N7) methyl transferase (N7-MTase) for mRNA capping. |
• N-terminal exoribonuclease (ExoN) domain displays a 3′-5′ exoribonuclease proofreading activity [6, 41]. |
nsp15 |
NendoU, uridylate-specific endoribonuclease [78]. |
nsp16 |
S-adenosylmethionine-dependent (nucleoside-2′-O)-methyltransferase modifying the RNA cap at ribose 2′-O positions [6, 10]. |