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Antibacterial Effect Of Natural Oils – An Opportunity To Solve The Problem Of Antibiotic Resistance On The Example Of Pseudomonas Spp.


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Fig. 1.

Pseudomonas orientalis.The cells were coloured by crystal violet (1000x, Axiovert).
Pseudomonas orientalis.The cells were coloured by crystal violet (1000x, Axiovert).

Fig. 2.

Resistance arising as a result of spontaneous mutation in chromosomal DNA.
Resistance arising as a result of spontaneous mutation in chromosomal DNA.

Fig. 3.

Transfer of plasmids containing resistance genes from cell to cell.
Transfer of plasmids containing resistance genes from cell to cell.

Fig. 4.

Phenotypic expression of antibiotic resistance. Based on Doughari et al. [20].
Phenotypic expression of antibiotic resistance. Based on Doughari et al. [20].

Fig. 5.

The mode of antibacterial action of essential oils.
The mode of antibacterial action of essential oils.

Minimum inhibitory concentrations of EOs against Pseudomonas strains

Origin of EOStrainReference
P. aeruginosaP. putida
MIC
Achillea millefolium> 1000 μg/mlN/A85
Anethium graveolensN/A> 0.8% v/v36–37
Aniba rosaeodora> 2.0% v/vN/AN/A84
Apium graveolens> 0.8% v/v36–37; 84
Artemisia dracunculus36–37
Boswellia carterii> 2.0% v/vN/A84
Cananga odorata
Cedrus atlantica
Chamæmelum nobileN/A> 0.8% v/v36–37
Cinnamomum cassia0.05% v/v
Cinnamomum verum0.1% v/v
Cistus ladaniferus pineniferum
Citrus aurantifolia> 2.0% v/vN/A84
Citrus aurantium> 0.8% v/v36–37; 84
Citrus bergamia
Citrus limettaN/A36–37; 84
Citrus limon> 2.0% v/v36–37; 84
Citrus x paradisiN/A84
Citrus reticulataN/A> 0.8% v/v37
Citrus reticulata var. madurensis> 2.0% v/vN/A84
Citrus sinensisN/A> 0.8% v/v36–37
Commiphora myrrha> 2.0% v/vN/A84
Coriandrum sativum0.8% v/v36–37
Corydothymus capitatusN/A0.025% v/v
Cuminum cyminum> 0.8% v/v
Cucurbita pepo> 2.0% v/vN/A84
Cupressus sempervirens> 0.8% v/v36–37; 84
Curcuma longaN/A36–37
Cymbopogon citratus> 2.0% v/v0.8% v/v
Cymbopogon martinii0.2% v/v
Cymbopogon nardus0.4% v/v
Daucus carotaN/A84
Eucalyptus divesN/A> 0.8% v/v36–37
Eucalyptus polybractea> 2.0% v/vN/A84
Eugenia caryophyllusN/A0.1% v/v36–37
Foeniculum vulgare> 2.0% v/vN/A84
Gaultheria procumbens
Juniperus communis
Laurus nobilisN/A> 0.8% v/v36–37
Lavandula angustifolia> 2.0% v/vN/A84
Lavandula latifoliaN/A> 0.8% v/v36–37
Macadamia integrifolia> 2.0% v/vN/A54
Matricaria chamomilla10.0 μg/ml54
Melaleuca alternifolia> 2.0% v/v0.8% v/v36–37; 84
Melaleuca cajuputi> 0.8% v/v
Mentha piperita3.0 μg/mlN/A54
Mentha x piperita> 2.0% v/v84
Mentha spicata
Myristica fragransN/A> 0.8% v/v36–37
Myrtus communis cineoliferum
Ocimum basilicum> 2.0% v/v36–37; 84
Origanum majorana0.4% v/v
Origanum vulgareN/A84
Pelargonium graveolens
Pimpinella anisum
Pimenta dioicaN/A0.1% v/v36–37
Pimenta racemosa> 2.0% v/vN/A84
Pinus sylvestris> 0.8% v/v36–37; 84
Piper nigrumN/A84
Plantago major> 1000 μg/ml85
Pogostemon patchouli> 2.0% v/v84
Psidium guajava> 1000 μg/ml85
Punica granatum
Rosmarinus officinalis> 2.0% v/v> 0.8% v/v36–37; 84
Salvia lavandulifoliaN/A0.8% v/v36–37
Salvia officinalis> 2.0% v/vN/A84
Salvia sclarea
Santalum album
Satureja hortensisN/A0.05% v/v36–37
Syzygium aromaticum> 2.0% v/vN/A84
Tea tree4.0% v/v87
Thymus vulgaris> 2.0% v/v0.05% v/v36–37; 84
Vetiveria zizanioidesN/A84
Zingiber officinale> 0.8% v/v36–37; 84
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