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New Data On Isopenicillin N Synthase And Peroxisome Co-Location In The Hyphal Cells Of Penicillium Chrysogenum PQ-96 – Pexophagy And Exocytosis

Wiesław Kurzątkowski
Wiesław Kurzątkowski
, 
Paulina Górska
Paulina Górska
, 
Małgorzata Główka
Małgorzata Główka
, 
Katarzyna Woźnica
Katarzyna Woźnica
 and 
Aleksandra Zasada
Aleksandra Zasada
   | Jun 10, 2019
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Article Category: article
Published Online: Jun 10, 2019
Page range: 80 - 85
Accepted: Dec 01, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/PM-2019.58.1.080
© 2019 Wiesław Kurzątkowski et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

P. chrysogenu PQ-96, high-yielding strain, immune microscopic localization of IPNS in the hyphal cells. (A) Apical cell, (B) young sub-apical hyphae, (C) mature productive non-growing vacuolated cells, (D) Senescing cells. Abbreviations: cw – cell wall, N – nucleus, Ne – nucleolus, V – vacuole, P – peroxisome, cls – canal-like structures of the cell wall, b – budding vacuole. The arrangement of IPNS marker is described in the text.
P. chrysogenu PQ-96, high-yielding strain, immune microscopic localization of IPNS in the hyphal cells. (A) Apical cell, (B) young sub-apical hyphae, (C) mature productive non-growing vacuolated cells, (D) Senescing cells. Abbreviations: cw – cell wall, N – nucleus, Ne – nucleolus, V – vacuole, P – peroxisome, cls – canal-like structures of the cell wall, b – budding vacuole. The arrangement of IPNS marker is described in the text.

Fig. 2.

P. chrysogenum PQ-96, high-yielding strain, ultrastructural localization of peroxisomes in the hyphal cells. (A) apical cell, (B) young sub-apical cell, (C) mature productive non-growing vacuolated cell, (D) senescing cell. Abbreviations: Sp – tip body (Spitzenkörper), M – mitochondrium, Pf – peroxisome formation, P – peroxisome, cw – cell wall, N – nucleus, Ne – nucleolus, er – endoplasmic reticulum, c – cross wall, b – budding vacuole. The arrangement of IPNS marker is described in the text.
P. chrysogenum PQ-96, high-yielding strain, ultrastructural localization of peroxisomes in the hyphal cells. (A) apical cell, (B) young sub-apical cell, (C) mature productive non-growing vacuolated cell, (D) senescing cell. Abbreviations: Sp – tip body (Spitzenkörper), M – mitochondrium, Pf – peroxisome formation, P – peroxisome, cw – cell wall, N – nucleus, Ne – nucleolus, er – endoplasmic reticulum, c – cross wall, b – budding vacuole. The arrangement of IPNS marker is described in the text.

Fig. 3.

The machinery of penicillin G biosynthesis. In young and mature sub-apical hyphal cells the cytosolic ACVS and IPNS are abundantly arranged between polyribosomes and peroxisomes. Moreover, these enzymes are also immobilized at the cell wall, including the channel-like structures of the cell wall and in the peripheral cytoplasm as well as around the vacuoles. The IAT and PCL are pexosome entrapped enzymes. In the process of mycelial protection the toxic for the cells PA is swallowed by peroxisomes and converted to penicillin G. The peroxisome is frequently located at the cell wall and in the neighborhood of vacuole. Such a cellular arrangement enhances the selective, continuous and sufficient supply of A, C, V for ACVS and ACV for IPNS from the fermentation broth and from the cytosol as well as from the vacuolar reservoir. Pexophagy and exocytosis might be directly involved in penicillin G secreted from the mycelia cells of the industrial mycelium. Abbreviations: described in the text, prs – polyribosomes, cls – canal-like structures of the cell wall.
The machinery of penicillin G biosynthesis. In young and mature sub-apical hyphal cells the cytosolic ACVS and IPNS are abundantly arranged between polyribosomes and peroxisomes. Moreover, these enzymes are also immobilized at the cell wall, including the channel-like structures of the cell wall and in the peripheral cytoplasm as well as around the vacuoles. The IAT and PCL are pexosome entrapped enzymes. In the process of mycelial protection the toxic for the cells PA is swallowed by peroxisomes and converted to penicillin G. The peroxisome is frequently located at the cell wall and in the neighborhood of vacuole. Such a cellular arrangement enhances the selective, continuous and sufficient supply of A, C, V for ACVS and ACV for IPNS from the fermentation broth and from the cytosol as well as from the vacuolar reservoir. Pexophagy and exocytosis might be directly involved in penicillin G secreted from the mycelia cells of the industrial mycelium. Abbreviations: described in the text, prs – polyribosomes, cls – canal-like structures of the cell wall.
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