Open Access

The application of genotyping and phenotyping techniques for epidemiological analysis of microorganisms


Cite

Allegranzi B., Pittet D. i wsp.: Burden of endemic health-care-associated infection in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet, 15, 228–241 (2011)Search in Google Scholar

Anderson E.S., Ward L.R., Saxe M.J., de Sa J.D.: Bacteriophage-typing designations of Salmonella Typhimurium. J. Hyg. (Lond). 78, 297–300 (1977)10.1017/S00221724000561872129838321679Search in Google Scholar

Armengaud J.: Next-generation proteomics faces new challenges in environmental biotechnology. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol.38, 174–182 (2016)10.1016/j.copbio.2016.02.02526950175Search in Google Scholar

Ashayeri-Panah M., Eftekhar F., Ghamsari M.M., Parvin M., Feizabadi M.M.: Genetic profiling of Klebsiella pneumoniae: comparison of pulsed field gel electrophoresis and random amplified polymorphic DNA. Braz. J. Microbiol. 44, 823–828 (2013)10.1590/S1517-83822013005000055391019524516423Search in Google Scholar

Baggesen D.L., Sgesen G., Nielsen E.M., Wegener H.C.: Phage typing of SalmonellaTyphimurium – is it still a useful tool for surveillance and outbreak investigation? Euro Surveill.15, 19471 (2010)10.2807/ese.15.04.19471-enSearch in Google Scholar

Bannerman T.L., Hancock G.A., Tenover F.C., Miller J.M.: Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis as a replacement for bacteriophage typing of Staphylococcus aureus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33, 551–555 (1995)Search in Google Scholar

Barbaro M., Bonfiglio A., Raffo L., Alessandrini A., Facci P., Barak I.: Fully electronic DNA hybridization detection by a standard CMOS biochip. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 118, 41–46 (2006)10.1016/j.snb.2006.04.010Search in Google Scholar

Barker R.M., Old D.C.: The usefulness of biotyping in studying the epidemiology and phylogeny of salmonellae. J. Med. Microbiol. 29, 81–88 (1989)Search in Google Scholar

Berthouly-Salazar C., Mariac C., Couderc M., Pouzadoux J., Floc’h J.B., Vigouroux Y.: Genotyping-by-sequencing snp identification for crops without a reference genome: using transcriptome based mapping as an alternative strategy. Frontiers in Plant Sci.7, 777 (2016)10.3389/fpls.2016.00777490812127379109Search in Google Scholar

Boerlin P., Bille J. i wsp.: Typing Candida albicans oral isolates from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and DNA fingerprinting. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34, 1235–1248(1996)Search in Google Scholar

Boughton P.: Whole genome MLST analysis. Scientistlive, http://www.scientistlive.com/content/whole-genome-mlst-analysis (09.03.2017)Search in Google Scholar

Bumgarner R.: DNA microarrays: Types, Applications and their future. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol.101, 22.1.1–22.1.11(2013)10.1002/0471142727.mb2201s101401150323288464Search in Google Scholar

Caierão J., Paiva J.A., Sampaio J.L., Silva M.G., Santos D.R., Coelho F.S., Fonseca Lde S., Duarte R.S., Armstrong D.T., Regua-Mangia A.H.: Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis of rapidly-growing mycobacteria: an alternative tool for identification and typing. Int. J. Infect. Dis.42, 11–16 (2016)10.1016/j.ijid.2015.11.01026603643Search in Google Scholar

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Multiple Locus Variable-number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA), https://www.cdc.gov/pulsenet/pathogens/mlva.html (02.01.2016)Search in Google Scholar

Chen Y., Yu Y. i wsp.: Development of an extended multilocus sequence typing for genotyping of Brucella isolates. J. Microbiol. Methods, 86, 252–254 (2011)Search in Google Scholar

Colodner R., Bisharat N. i wsp.: Identification of the Emerging Pathogen Vibrio vulnificus Biotype 3 by Commercially Available Phenotypic Methods. J. Clin. Microbiol.42, 4137–4140 (2004)Search in Google Scholar

Coyne S., Guigon G., Courvalin P., Périchon B.: Screening and Quantification of the Expression of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Acinetobacter baumannii with a Microarray. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54, 333–340 (2010)10.1128/AAC.01037-09279856019884373Search in Google Scholar

de Been M., Willems R.J. i wsp.: Core genome multilocus sequence typing scheme for high-resolution typing of Enterococcus faecium. J. Clin. Microbiol. 53, 3788–3797 (2015)Search in Google Scholar

De La Higuera A., Gutiérrez J., Liébana J., Garcia-Mendoza A., Castillo A.: A new biotyping method for Streptococcus mutans with the API ZYM system. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.5, 88–91 (1999)10.1111/j.1469-0691.1999.tb00108.x11856223Search in Google Scholar

Devriese L.A.: A simplified system for biotyping Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from animal species. J. Appl. Bacteriol.56, 215–220 (1984)10.1111/j.1365-2672.1984.tb01341.x6373707Search in Google Scholar

Duim B., Savelkoul P.: Typing of bacteria using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) analysis (w) Experimental approaches for assessing genetic diversity among microbial pathogens, red. A. van Belkum, B. Duim, J.P. Hays, WET, Wageningen, 2003, s. 83–84Search in Google Scholar

Dworzański J.P.: Bottom-Up Proteomics Methods for Strain-Level Typing and Identification of Bacteria (w) Applications of Mass Spectrometry in Microbiology, red. P. Demirev, T.R. Sandrin, Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, 2016, s. 11410.1007/978-3-319-26070-9_5Search in Google Scholar

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control: Healthcare-associated infections, http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/health-topics/Healthcare-associated_infections/Pages/index.aspx (29.11.2016)Search in Google Scholar

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control: Setting breakpoints, http://www.eucast.org/clinical_breakpoints/eucast_setting_breakpoints/ (28.12.2016)Search in Google Scholar

Minharro S., Lage A.P. i wsp.: Biotyping and Genotyping (MLVA16) of Brucella abortus Isolated from Cattle in Brazil, 1977 to 2008. PLoS ONE, 8, e81152 (2013)10.1371/journal.pone.0081152385569724324670Search in Google Scholar

Fitzgerald J.R., Meaney W.J., Hartigan P.J., Smyth C.J., Kapur V.: Fine-structure molecular epidemiological analysis of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from cows. Epidemiol. Infect. 119, 261–269 (1997)Search in Google Scholar

Fothergill J.L., Walshaw M.J., Winstanley C.: Transmissible strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis lung infections. Eur. Respir. J. 40, 227–238 (2012)Search in Google Scholar

Gangiredla J., Jackson S.A., Elkins C.A., Feng P. C.: Novel microarray design for molecular serotyping of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from fresh produce. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 80, 4677–4682 (2014)Search in Google Scholar

Giedrys-Kalemba S.: Typowanie molekularne w dochodzeniu epidemiologicznym (w) Zakażenia szpitalne podręcznik dla zespołów kontroli zakażeń, red P. B. Heczko, J. Wójkowska-Mach, Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL, Warszawa, 2009, s. 113–114Search in Google Scholar

Goering R.V.: Pulsed field gel electrophoresis: a review of application and interpretation in the molecular epidemiology of infectious disease. Infect. Genet. Evol. 10, 866–875 (2010)10.1016/j.meegid.2010.07.02320692376Search in Google Scholar

Green E., Ob L.C., Okoh A.I., Nchabeleng M., Villiers B.E., Letsoalo T., Hoosen A.A., Bessong P.O., Ndip R.N.: IS6110 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Typing of Drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains from Northeast South Africa. JHPN. 31, 1–10 (2013)10.3329/jhpn.v31i1.14743370235323617199Search in Google Scholar

Haquea F., Lib J., Wuc H.C., Liangd X.J.: Peixuan Guoa Solid-state and biological nanopore for real-time sensing of single chemical and sequencing of DNA. Nano Today,8, 56–74 (2013)10.1016/j.nantod.2012.12.008359616923504223Search in Google Scholar

Heather J.M., Chain B.: The sequence of sequencers: The history of sequencing DNA. Genomics, 107, 1–8 (2016)10.1016/j.ygeno.2015.11.003472778726554401Search in Google Scholar

Huang S.S., Platt, R. i wsp.: Automated Detection of Infectious Disease Outbreaks in Hospitals: A Retrospective Cohort Study. PLoS Medicine, 7, e1000238 (2010)10.1371/journal.pmed.1000238282638120186274Search in Google Scholar

Hunter P.R., Gaston M.A.: Numerical index of the discriminatory ability of typing systems: an application of Simpson’s index of diversity. J. Clin. Microbiol.26, 2465–2466 (1988)10.1128/jcm.26.11.2465-2466.19882669213069867Search in Google Scholar

Hwang M.T., Landon P.B., Lee J., Choi D., Mo A.H., Glinsky G., Lal R.: Highly specific SNP detection using 2D graphene electronics and DNA strand displacement. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 7088–7093 (2016)10.1073/pnas.1603753113493296527298347Search in Google Scholar

Illumina: Illumina Sequencing Technology, http://www.illumina.com/documents/products/techspotlights/techspotlight_ sequencing.pdf (02.01.2016)Search in Google Scholar

Illumina: Illumina Sequencing Technology, https://www.illumina.com/systems/sequencing-platforms/hiseq-x.html (06.03.2017)Search in Google Scholar

International Fungal Multi Locus Sequence Typing Database, mlst.mycologylab.org (02.01.2016)Search in Google Scholar

Jackson S.A., Patel I.R., Barnaba T., LeClerc J.E., Cebula T.A.: Investigating the global genomic diversity of Escherichia coli using a multi-genome DNA microarray platform with novel gene prediction strategies. BMC Genomics, 12, 349 (2011)10.1186/1471-2164-12-349314645421733163Search in Google Scholar

Jia J., Bi Z.W., Chen Y.Z., Hou P.B., Zhang M., Shao K., Bi Z.Q.: Antibiotic resistance and molecular typing of Listeria monocytogenes from foods in Shandong province from 2009 to 2010. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi, 45, 1065–1067 (2011)Search in Google Scholar

Jolley K.A., Maiden M.C.J.: Ribosomal multilocus sequence typing: universal characterization of bacteria from domain to strain. Microbiology, 158, 1005–1015 (2012)10.1099/mic.0.055459-0349274922282518Search in Google Scholar

Jursa-Kulesza J., Kordek A., Kopron K., Wojciuk B., Giedrys Kalemba S.: Molecular studies of an impetigo bullosa epidemic in full-term infants. Neonatology, 96, 61–68 (2009)10.1159/00020496119252410Search in Google Scholar

Karlsson E., Lärkeryd A., Sjödin A., Forsman M., Stenberg P.: Scaffolding of a bacterial genome using MinION nanopore sequencing. Sci. Rep. 5, 11996 (2015)10.1038/srep11996449368726149338Search in Google Scholar

Koeleman J.G.M., Stoof J., Biesmans D.J., Savelkoul P.H.M., Vandenbroucke-Grauls C.M.J.E.: Comparison of Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Analysis, and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Fingerprinting for Identification of Acinetobacter Genomic Species and Typing of Acinetobacter baumannii. J. Clin. Microbiol.36, 2522–2529 (1998)10.1128/JCM.36.9.2522-2529.19981051569705386Search in Google Scholar

Kostić T., Sessitsch A.: Microbial diagnostic microarrays for the detection and typing of food- and water-borne (bacterial) pathogens. Microarrays, 1, 3–24 (2012)10.3390/microarrays1010003500771227605332Search in Google Scholar

Krawczyk B., Leibner-Ciszak J., Stojowska K., Kur J.: The new LM-PCR/shifter method for the genotyping of microorganisms based on the use of a class IIS restriction enzyme and mediated PCR. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 21, 1366–1344 (2011)10.4014/jmb.1104.0401922210622Search in Google Scholar

Krawczyk B.: Diagnostyka Molekularna w zakażeniach szpitalnych. Post. Mikrobiol.46, 367–378 (2007)Search in Google Scholar

Kumari, N., Thakur S.K.: Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-a brief review. AJAVS.9, 6–13 (2014)10.3844/ajavsp.2014.6.13Search in Google Scholar

Kwong J.C., McCallum N., Sintchenko V., Howden B.P.: Whole genome sequencing in clinical and public health microbiology. Pathology,47, 199–210 (2015)10.1097/PAT.0000000000000235438909025730631Search in Google Scholar

Land M., Ussery D.W. i wsp.: Insights from 20 years of bacterial genome sequencing. Funct. Integr. Genomics, 15, 141–161 (2015)Search in Google Scholar

Leggett R.M., MacLean D.: Reference-free SNP detection: dealing with the data deluge. BMC Genomics, 15, S10 (2014)10.1186/1471-2164-15-S4-S10408340725056481Search in Google Scholar

Li W., Raoult D., Fournier P.E.: Bacterial strain typing in the genomic era. FEMS Microbiol. Rev.33, 892–916 (2009)10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00182.x19453749Search in Google Scholar

Lindstedt B.A., Åkerström S. i wsp.: Use of multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) in eight European countries, 2012. Euro Surveill.18, 20385 (2013)10.2807/ese.18.04.20385-en23369388Search in Google Scholar

Loy J.D., Clawson M.L.: Rapid typing of Mannheimia haemolytica major genotypes 1 and 2 using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. J. Microbiol. Methods. 136, 30–33 (2017)Search in Google Scholar

Maiden M.C., Spratt, B.G. i wsp.: Multilocus sequence typing: A portable approach to the identification of clones within populations of pathogenic microorganisms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 3140–3145 (1998)10.1073/pnas.95.6.3140197089501229Search in Google Scholar

Maiden M.C.J., McCarthy N.D.: MLST revisited: the gene-by-gene approach to bacterial genomics. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 11, 728–736 (2013)10.1038/nrmicro3093398063423979428Search in Google Scholar

Microrao: Typing Methods, http://microrao.com/micronotes/typing.pdf (28.12.2016)Search in Google Scholar

Międzobrodzki J., Małachowa N., Markiewski T., Białecka A., Kasprowicz A.: Differentiation of Staphylococcus aureus isolates based on phenotypical characters. Postępy Hig. Med. Dośw. 30, 322–327 (2008)Search in Google Scholar

MLST, www.mlst.net (02.01.2016)Search in Google Scholar

Munson E.L., Doern G.V.: Comparison of Three Commercial Test Systems for Biotyping Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae. J. Clin. Microbiol.45, 4051–4053 (2007)10.1128/JCM.01663-07216854017942653Search in Google Scholar

Nanoportech: Store, https://store.nanoporetech.com/devices.html (02.03.2017)Search in Google Scholar

National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM): Multiple-Locus Variable number tandem repeat Analysis, http://www.mlva.net/ (02.01.2017)Search in Google Scholar

Nowakiewicz A., Ziółkowska G., Zięba P., Gnat S., Trościańczyk A., Adaszek, Ł.: Characterization of Multidrug Resistant E. faecalis Strains from Pigs of Local Origin by ADSRRS-Finger-printing and MALDI-TOF MS; Evaluation of the Compatibility of Methods Employed for Multidrug Resistance Analysis. PLoS ONE, 12, e0171160 (2017)10.1371/journal.pone.0171160527977828135327Search in Google Scholar

Ota M., Asamura H., Oki T., Sada M.: Restriction enzyme analysis of PCR products. Methods Mol. Biol.578, 405–414 (2009)10.1007/978-1-60327-411-1_2519768608Search in Google Scholar

Parizad E.G., Valizadeh A.: The Application of Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis in Clinical Studies. JCRD, 10, DE01-DE04 (2016)10.7860/JCDR/2016/15718.7043474059526894068Search in Google Scholar

Pérez-Losada M., Cabezas P., Castro-Nallar E., Crandall K.A.: Pathogen typing in the genomics era: MLST and the future of molecular epidemiology. Infect. Genet. Evol.16, 38–53 (2013)10.1016/j.meegid.2013.01.00923357583Search in Google Scholar

Pingault N.M., Riley T.V.: Moraxella (w) Molecular Typing in Bacterial Infections, red. I. Filippis, M.L. McKee, Sprnger, New Delhi, 2013, s. 21410.1007/978-1-62703-185-1_14Search in Google Scholar

Public databases for molecular typing and microbial genome diversity, www.pubmlst.org (02.01.2016)Search in Google Scholar

Ramírez-Estrada S., Borgatta B., Rello J.: Pseudomonas aeruginosa ventilator-associated pneumonia management. Infect. Drug. Resist.9, 7–18 (2016)10.2147/IDR.S50669Search in Google Scholar

Rhoads A., Au K.F.: PacBio Sequencing and Its Applications. Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics, 13, 278–289 (2015)10.1016/j.gpb.2015.08.002Search in Google Scholar

Rumore J.L., Tschetter L., Nadon C.: The Impact of Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis on PulseNet Canada Escherichia coli O157:H7 Laboratory Surveillance and Outbreak Support, 2008–2012. Foodborne Pathog. Dis.13, 255–261 (2016)10.1089/fpd.2015.2066Search in Google Scholar

Sabat A.J., Budimir A., Nashev D., SheLeSh R., van Dijl J.M., Laurent F., Grundmann H., Friedrich A.W.: Overview of molecular typing methods for outbreak detection and epidemiological surveillance. Euro Surveill. 18, 20380 (2013)10.2807/ese.18.04.20380-enSearch in Google Scholar

Sabat A.J., Friedrich A.W. i wsp.: Complete-genome sequencing elucidates outbreak dynamics of CA-MRSA USA300 (ST8-spa t008) in an academic hospital of Paramaribo, Republic of Suriname. Sci. Rep.7, 41050 (2017)10.1038/srep41050Search in Google Scholar

Saghrouni F., Ben Abdeljelil J., Boukadida J., Ben Said M.: Molecular methods for strain typing of Candida albicans: a review. J. Appl. Microbiol. 114, 1559–1574 (2013)10.1111/jam.12132Search in Google Scholar

Salipante S.J., SenGupta D.J., Cummings L.A., Land T.A., Hoogestraat D.R., Cookson B.T.: Application of whole-genome sequencing for bacterial strain typing in molecular epidemiology. J. Clin. Microbiol. 53, 1072–1079 (2015)Search in Google Scholar

Sandrin T.R., Goldstein J.E., Schumaker S.: MALDI TOF MS profiling of bacteria at the strain level: a review. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 32, 188–217 (2013)Search in Google Scholar

Schmieger H.: Molecular survey of the Salmonella phage typing system of Anderson. J. Bacteriol.181, 1630–1635 (1999)10.1128/JB.181.5.1630-1635.1999Search in Google Scholar

Schwartz D.C., Cantor C.R.: Separation of yeast chromosome-sized DNAs by pulsed field gradient gel electrophoresis. Cell,37, 67–75 (1984)10.1016/0092-8674(84)90301-5Search in Google Scholar

Selander R.K., Caugant D.A., Ochman H., Musser J.M., Gilmour M.N., Whittam T.S.: Methods of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis for bacterial population genetics and systematics. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 51, 873–884 (1986)Search in Google Scholar

Sękowska A., Gospodarek E., Kamińska D.: Antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic similarity of ESBL-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. Arch. Med. Sci.8, 993–997 (2012)10.5114/aoms.2012.32404354248823319972Search in Google Scholar

Shao W., Zhang M., Lam H., Lau, S.C.K.: A peptide identification-free, genome sequence-independent shotgun proteomics workflow for strain-level bacterial differentiation. Sci. Rep. 5, 14337 (2015)10.1038/srep14337458581426395646Search in Google Scholar

Steglich M., Nübel U.: The challenge of detecting indels in bacterial genomes from short-read sequencing data. J. Biotechnol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.02.026 (2017)10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.02.026Search in Google Scholar

Stelling J., Platt, R. i wsp.: Automated use of WHONET and SaTScan to detect outbreaks of Shigella spp. using antimicrobial resistance phenotypes. Epidemiol. Infect.138, 873–883 (2010)Search in Google Scholar

Straus L., Mellmann, A., i wsp.: Detecting Staphylococcus aureusVirulence and Resistance Genes: a Comparison of Whole-Genome Sequencing and DNA Microarray Technology. J. Clin. Microbiol. 54, 1008–1016(2016)Search in Google Scholar

Struelens M.J.: Molecular epidemiologic typing systems of bacterial pathogens: current issues and perspectives. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 93, 581–585 (1998)10.1590/S0074-02761998000500004Search in Google Scholar

Suffredini E., Lopez-Joven C., Maddalena L., Croci L., Roque A. (2011). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and PCR characterization of environmental Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains of different origins. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.77, 6301–6304 (2011)10.1128/AEM.00333-11Search in Google Scholar

Sydnor E.R., Perl T.M.: Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control in Acute-Care Settings. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 24, 141–173 (2011)Search in Google Scholar

Tenover F., Arbeit R., Goering R., Mickelsen P., Murray B., Pershing D., Swaminathan B.: Interpreting Chromosomal DNA Restriction Patterns Produced by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis: Criteria for Bacterial Strain Typing. J. Clin. Microbiol.33, 2233–2239 (1995)10.1128/jcm.33.9.2233-2239.1995Search in Google Scholar

Thompson J.F., Milos, P.M. The properties and applications of single-molecule DNA sequencing. Genome Biol. 12, 217 (2011)10.1186/gb-2011-12-2-217Search in Google Scholar

Van Belkum A., Struelens M. i wsp.: Guidelines for the validation and application of typing methods for use in bacterial epidemiology. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 13, 1–46 (2007)Search in Google Scholar

Viana D., Penadés J.R. i wsp.: A single natural nucleotide mutation alters bacterial pathogen host-tropism. Nat. Genet. 47, 361–366 (2015)Search in Google Scholar

Vos P., Hogers R., Bleeker M., Reijans M., van de Lee T., Hornes M., Pot J., Peleman J., Kuiper M.: AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting. Nucleic Acids Res. 23, 4407–4414 (1995)10.1093/nar/23.21.4407Search in Google Scholar

Voskresenskaya E., Savin C., Leclercq A., Tseneva G., Carniel E.: Typing and Clustering of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Isolates by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis Using Insertion Sequences. J. Clin. Microbiol. 52, 1978–1989 (2014)Search in Google Scholar

Wasyl D., Elsedawy A., Lukinmaa S.: PulseNet Europe międzynarodowa sieć typowania molekularnego w nadzorze epidemiologicznym chorób szerzących się drogą pokarmową. Medycyna Wet.64, 123–126 (2008)10.1016/S0377-1237(08)80052-4Search in Google Scholar

Williams M.L., LeJeune J.T.: Phages and bacterial epidemiology (w) Bacteriophages in health and disease, red. P. Hyman, S.T. Abedon, Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International, Wallingford, 2012, s. 7810.1079/9781845939847.0076Search in Google Scholar

Wolska K., Szweda P.: Genotyping Techniques for Determining the Diversity of Microorganisms (w) Genetic Diversity in Microorganisms, red. M. Caliskan, InTech, 2012, 53–55 (2012)Search in Google Scholar

Wolter D.J., Hanson N.D., Lister P.D.: Insertional inactivation of oprD in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa leading to carbapenem resistance. FEMS Microbiol. Lett.1, 137–143 (2004)10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09639.xSearch in Google Scholar

World Health Organisation: Report on the Burden of Endemic Health Care-Associated Infection Worldwide, A systematic review of the literature, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/80135/1/9789241501507_eng.pdf (12.03.2017)Search in Google Scholar

World Health Organisation: WHO publishes list of bacteria for which new antibiotics are urgently, needed, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2017/bacteria-antibiotics-needed/en/ (12.03.2017)Search in Google Scholar

Xu F.L., Guo Y.C., Wan H.X., Fu P., Zeng H.W., Li Z.G., Pei X.Y., Liu X.M.: PFGE genotyping and antibiotic resistance of Lacto bacillus distributed strains in the fermented dairy products. Ann. Microbiol. 62, 255–262 (2012)Search in Google Scholar

Ziółkowski P.A., Babula-Skowrońska D., Kaczmarek M., Cieśla A., Sadowski J.: Sekwencjonowanie porównawcze genomów: generowanie markerów genetycznych typu INDEL i SNP. Biotechnologia, 4, 53–68 (2010)Search in Google Scholar

Zolfo M., Tett A., Jousson O., Donati C., Segata N.: MetaMLST: multi-locus strain-level bacterial typing from metagenomic samples. Nucleic Acids Res. 45, e7 (2016)10.1093/nar/gkw837531478927651451Search in Google Scholar

eISSN:
2545-3149
Languages:
English, Polish
Publication timeframe:
4 times per year
Journal Subjects:
Life Sciences, Microbiology and Virology