Open Access

Raman Spectroscopy of carbonaceous material thermometry in the Carnic Alps (Austria, Italy)

   | May 10, 2024

Cite

Árkai, P., Sassi, R., Zirpoli, G., 1991. On the boundary between the lowand very low-grade South-Alpine basement in Pustertal: X-ray characterization of white mica in metapelites between Dobbiaco (Toblach, Italy) and Leiten (Austria) (Eastern Alps). Memorie di scienze geologiche, 43, 293–304. Search in Google Scholar

Árkai, P., Sassi, F.P., Sassi, R., 1995. Simultaneous measurements of chlorite and illite crystallinity: a more reliable tool for monitoring low- to very low grade metamorphisms in metapelites. A case study from the Southern Alps (NE Italy). European Journal of Mineralogy, 7, 1115–1128. Search in Google Scholar

Árkai, P., Livi, K.J., Frey, M., Brukner-Wein, A., Sajgo, C. de, 2004. White micas with mixed interlayer occupancy: a possible cause of pitfalls in applying illite Kubler index (“crystallinity”) for the determination of metamorphic grade. European Journal of Mineralogy, 16, 469–482. https://doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2004/0016-0469. Search in Google Scholar

Bartel, E.M., Neubauer, F., Genser, J., Heberer, B., 2014. States of paleostress north and south of the Periadriatic fault: Comparison of the Drau Range and the Friuli Southalpine wedge. Tectonophysics, 637, 305–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.10.019 Search in Google Scholar

Barzoi, S.C., 2015. Shear stress in the graphitization of carbonaceous matter during the low-grade metamorphism from the northern Parang Mountains (South Carpathians) – Implications to graphite geothermometry. International Journal of Coal Geology. 146, 179–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2015.05.008. Search in Google Scholar

Benton, M.J., Newell, A.J., 2014. Impacts of global warming on Permo- Triassic terrestrial ecosystems. Gondwana Research. 25, 1308–1337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.12.010. Search in Google Scholar

Böckelmann, K., 1991. The Permian-Triassic of the Gartnerkofel-1 core and the Reppwand Section (Carnic Alps, Austria). Abhandlungen der geologischen Bundesanstalt, 45, 17–36. Search in Google Scholar

Brime, C., Perri, M.C., Pondrelli, M., Spalletta, C., Venturini, C., 2008. Polyphase metamorphism in the eastern Carnic Alps (N Italy-S Austria). International Journal of Earth Sciences, 97, 1213–1229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-007-0218-7 Search in Google Scholar

Cao, S., Neubauer, F., 2019. Graphitic material in fault zones: Implications for fault strength and carbon cycle. Earth-Science Reviews, 194, 109–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.05.008 Search in Google Scholar

Castellarin, A., Cantelli, L., 2000. Neo-Alpine evolution of the Southern Eastern Alps. Journal of Geodynamics, 30, 251–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-3707(99)00036-8 Search in Google Scholar

Corradini, C., Suttner, T. (eds.), 2015. The pre-Variscan sequence of the Carnic Alps (Austria and Italy). Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 69, 1–158. Search in Google Scholar

Corradini, C., Corriga, M.G., Mannik, P., Schonlaub, H.P., 2015. Revised conodont stratigraphy of the Cellon section (Silurian, Carnic Alps). Lethaia, 48, 56–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/let.12087 Search in Google Scholar

Curzi, M., Viola, G., Zuccari, C., Aldega, L., Billi, A., van der Lelij, R., Kylander‐Clark, A., Vignaroli, G., 2024. Tectonic Evolution of the Eastern Southern Alps (Italy): A Reappraisal from new structural data and geochronological constraints. Tectonics. 43/3. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023TC008013 Search in Google Scholar

Dallmeyer, R.D., Neubauer, F., 1994. Cadomian 40Ar/39Ar apparent age spectra of detrital muscovite from the Eastern Alps. Journal of the Geological Society, 151, 591–598. Search in Google Scholar

Ebner, F., Vozarova, A., Kovacs, S., Krautner, H.-G., Krstić, B., Szederkenyi, T., Jamicic, D., Balen, D., Belak, M., Trajanova, M., 2008. Devonian – Carboniferous pre-flysch and flysch environments in the Circum Pannonian Region. Geologica Carpathica, 59, 159–195. Search in Google Scholar

Epstein, A.G., Epstein, J.B., Harris, L.D., 1977. Conodont Color Alterationan index to organic metamorphism. Geological Survey Professional paper, 995, 1–26. Search in Google Scholar

Exner, C., 1976. Die geologische Position der Magmatite des periadriatischen Lineamentes. Verhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 1976, 3–64. Search in Google Scholar

Ferreiro Mählmann, R., Bozkaya, Ö., Potel, S., Le Bayon, R., Šegvić, B., Nieto, F., 2012. The pioneer work of Bernard Kübler and Martin Frey in very low-grade metamorphic terranes: paleo-geothermal potential of variation in Kubler-Index/organic matter reflectance correlations. A review. Swiss Journal of Geosciences, 105, 121–152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-012-0115-3 Search in Google Scholar

Fodor, L., Jelen, B., Marton, E., Skaberne, D., Car, J., Vrabec, M., 1998. Miocene-Pliocene tectonic evolution of the Slovenian Periadriatic fault: Implications for Alpine-Carpathian extrusion models. Tectonics, 17, 690–709. Search in Google Scholar

Forke, H., Novak, M., Vrabec, M., 2008. Implication of facies relationships of Upper Carboniferous/Lower Permian sediments in the Southern Alps (Carnic Alps/Karavanke Mts.) for Late Paleozoic paleogeography and Neogene tectonics. Journal of Alpine Geology, 49, 25. Search in Google Scholar

Frisch, W., Kuhlemann, J., Dunkl, I., Brugel, A., 1998. Palinspastic reconstruction and topographic evolution of the Eastern Alps during late Tertiary tectonic extrusion. Tectonophysics, 297, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00160-7 Search in Google Scholar

Frisch, W., Dunkl, I., Kuhlemann, J., 2000. Post-collisional orogen-parallel large-scale extension in the Eastern Alps. Tectonophysics, 327/3–4, 239–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00204-3 Search in Google Scholar

Haas, I., Eichinger, S., Haller, D., Fritz, H., Nievoll, J., Mandl, M., Hippler, D., Hauzenberger, C., 2020. Gondwana fragments in the Eastern Alps: A travel story from U/Pb zircon data. Gondwana Research, 77, 204–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2019.07.015 Search in Google Scholar

Heberer, B., Reverman, R.L., Fellin, M. G., Neubauer, F., Dunkl, I., Zattin, M., Seward, D., Genser, J., Brack, P., 2017. Postcollisional cooling history of the Eastern and Southern Alps and its linkage to Adria indentation. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 106, 1557–1580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-016-1367-3 Search in Google Scholar

Henry, D.G., Jarvis, I., Gillmore, G., Stephenson, M., 2019. Raman spectroscopy as a tool to determine the thermal maturity of organic matter: Application to sedimentary, metamorphic and structural geology. Earth-Science Reviews, 102936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102936 Search in Google Scholar

Holser, W.T., Schonlaub, H.P., 1991 (eds.). The Permian-Triassic boundary in the Carnic Alps of Austria (Gartnerkofel region). Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 45,1–232. Search in Google Scholar

Holser, W.T., Schonlaub, H.-P., Attrep Jr., M., Boeckelmann, K., Klein, P., Magaritz, M., Orth, C.J., Fenninger, A., Jenny, C., Kralik, M., Mauritsch, H., Pak, E., Schramm, J.-M., Stattegger, K., Schmoller, R., 1989. A unique geochemical record at the Permian/Triassic boundary. Nature. 337, 39–44. https://doi.org/10.1038/337039a0. Search in Google Scholar

Hubich, D., Laufer, A., Loeschke, J., Schrauder, A., Staiger, M., 2000. The boundary between the western and central Carnic Alps (Austria-Italy). Memorie de Science Geologiche, 52, 293–318. Search in Google Scholar

Jaeger, H., Schonlaub, H.P., 1980. Silur und Devon nordlich der Gundersheimer Alm in den Karnischen Alpen (Osterreich). Carinthia II, 170/90, 403–444. Search in Google Scholar

Jirman, P., Geršlova, E., Kalvoda, J., Melichar, R., 2018. 2D basin modelling in the eastern Variscan fold belt (Czech Republic): Influence of thrusting on patterns of thermal maturation. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 41, 175–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpg.12699. Search in Google Scholar

Kedar, L., Bond, C.E., Muirhead, D., 2020. Carbon ordering in an aseismic shear zone: Implications for Raman geothermometry and strain tracking. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 549, 116536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116536. Search in Google Scholar

Klotz, T., Pomella, H., Reiser, M., Fugenschuh, B., Zattin, M., 2019. Differential uplift on the boundary between the Eastern and the Southern European Alps: Thermochronologic constraints from the Brenner Base Tunnel. Terra Nova, 31, 281–294. https://doi.org/10.1111/ter.12398 Search in Google Scholar

Krainer, K., 1992. Fazies, Sedimentationsprozesse und Paläogeographie im Karbon der Ost- und Südalpen. Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 135, 99–193. Search in Google Scholar

Kullmann, J., Loeschke, J., 1994. Olistholithe in Flysch-Sedimenten der Karawanken: Die Entwicklung eines aktiven Kontinentrandes im Karbon der Südalpen (Paläozoikum von Seeberg und Eisenkappel/Österreich). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen, 194, 115–142. Search in Google Scholar

Läufer, A.L., 1996. Variscan and Alpine tectonometamorphic evolution of the Carnic Alps (Southern Alps) – structural analysis, illite crystallinity, K-Ar and Ar-Ar geochronology. Tübinger Geowissenschaftliche Arbeiten, Reihe A, 26, 1–102. Search in Google Scholar

Läufer, A.L., Loeschke, J., Vianden, B., 1993. Die Dimon-Serie der Karnischen Alpen (Italien) – Stratigraphie, Petrographie und geodynarnische Interpretation. Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 136, 137–162. Search in Google Scholar

Läufer, A.L., Frisch, W., Steinitz, G., Loeschke, J., 1997. Exhumed fault-bounded Alpine blocks along the Periadriatic lineament: the Eder unit (Carnic Alps, Austria). Geologische Rundschau, 86, 612–626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s005310050167 Search in Google Scholar

Läufer, A.L., Hubich, D., Loeschke, J., 2001. Variscan geodynamic evolution of the Carnic Alps (Austria/Italy). International Journal of Earth Sciences, 90, 855–870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s005310100194 Search in Google Scholar

Lünsdorf, N.K., 2016. Raman spectroscopy of dispersed vitrinite – Methodical aspects and correlation with reflectance. International Journal of Coal Geology, 153, 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2015.11.010 Search in Google Scholar

Lünsdorf, N.K., Lunsdorf, J.O., 2016. Evaluating Raman spectra of carbonaceous matter by automated, iterative curve-fitting. International Journal of Coal Geology, 160–161, 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2016.04.008 Search in Google Scholar

Lünsdorf, N.K., Dunkl, I., Schmidt, B.C., Rantitsch, G., Eynatten, H. von, 2014. Towards a higher comparability of geothermometric data obtained by Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material. Part I: Evaluation of biasing factors. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 38, 73–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908X.2013.12011.x Search in Google Scholar

Lünsdorf, N.K., Dunkl, I., Schmidt, B.C., Rantitsch, G., Eynatten, H. von, 2017. Towards a higher comparability of geothermometric data obtained by Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material. Part 2: A revised geothermometer. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 41, 593–612. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggr.12178 Search in Google Scholar

McMillan, R., Golding, M., 2019. Thermal maturity of carbonaceous material in conodonts and the Color Alteration Index: Independently identifying maximum temperature with Raman spectroscopy. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 534, 109290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109290 Search in Google Scholar

Mader, D., Neubauer, F., Handler, R., 2007. 40Ar/39Ar dating of detrital white mica of Upper Paleozoic sandstones in the Carnic Alps (Austria): Implications for provenance and tectonic setting. Geologica Carpathica, 58, 133–144. Search in Google Scholar

Mancktelow, N., Stockli, D., Grollimund, B., Muller, W., Fugenschuh, B., Viola, G., Seward, D., Villa, I., 2001. The DAV and Periadriatic fault systems in the Eastern Alps south of the Tauern window. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 90, 593–622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s005310000190 Search in Google Scholar

Mariotto, F.P., Venturini, C., 2019. Birth and evolution of the Paleocarnic Chain in the Southern Alps: a review. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 108, 2469–2492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-019-01774-y Search in Google Scholar

Meli, S., 2004. Rb-Sr and 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on the Variscan metamorphism recorded by Ordovician acidic metavolcanic rocks in the Eastern Southalpine basement. Rendiconti Lincei, 15, 205–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02904461 Search in Google Scholar

Neubauer, F., Liu, Y., Dong, Y., Chang, R., Genser, J., Yuan, S., 2022. Pre-Alpine tectonic evolution of the Eastern Alps: From Prototethys to Paleotethys. Earth-Science Reviews, 226, 103923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103923 Search in Google Scholar

Nussbaum, C., 2000. Neogene tectonics and thermal maturity of sediments of the easternmost Southern Alps (Friuli area, Italy). PhD thesis, Universite de Neuchatel, 160 pp. Search in Google Scholar

Pondrelli, M., 2002. Thermal history of the Carnic Alps (NE Italy-S. Austria) using CAI analysis. Revista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 108, 369–380. https://doi.org/10.13130/2039-4942/5482 Search in Google Scholar

Pondrelli, M., Corradini, C., Spalletta, C., Simonetto, L., Perri, M.C., Corriga, M.G., Venturini, C., Schonlaub, H.P., 2020. Geological map and stratigraphic evolution of the central sector of the Carnic Alps (Austria-Italy). Italian Journal of Geosciences, 139, 469–484. https://doi.org/10.3301/IJG.2020.16 Search in Google Scholar

Pusz, S., Borrego, A.G., Alvarez, D., Camean, I., Du Cann, V., Duber, S., Kalkreuth, W., Komorek, J., Kus, J., Kwiecińska, B.K., Libera, M., Marques, M., Misz-Kennan, M., Morga, R., Rodrigues, S., Smędowski, Ł., Suarez-Ruiz, I., Strzezik, J., 2014. Application of reflectance parameters in the estimation of the structural order of coals and carbonaceous materials. Precision and bias of measurements derived from the ICCP structural working group. International Journal of Coal Geology, 131, 147–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2014.04.004 Search in Google Scholar

Rainer, T., Rantitsch, G., 2002. Vitrinitreflexion im Bohrkern Gartnerkofel- 1 (Perm bis Skyth, Karnische Alpen, Karnten). Carinthia II, 192, 449–454. Search in Google Scholar

Rainer, T., Sachsenhofer, R.F., Rantitsch, G., Herlec, U., Vrabec, M., 2009. Organic maturity trends across the Variscan discordance in the Alpine- Dinaric Transition Zone (Slovenia, Austria, Italy): Variscan versus Alpidic thermal overprint. Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences, 102, 120–133. Search in Google Scholar

Rainer, T., Sachsenhofer, R.F., Green, P.F., Rantitsch, G., Herlec, U., Vrabec, M., 2016. Thermal maturity of Carboniferous to Eocene Sediments of the Alpine-Dinaric Transition Zone (Slovenia). International Journal of Coal Geology, 157, 19–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2015.08.005 Search in Google Scholar

Rantitsch, G., 1992. Reflexionsmessungen an Graptolithen im Silur und Unterdevon der Karnischen Alpen (Osterreich). Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 135, 299–316. Search in Google Scholar

Rantitsch, G., 1995a. Niedrigstgradige Metamorphose im Karbon von Notsch (Osterreich). Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt., 138, 433–440. Search in Google Scholar

Rantitsch, G., 1995b. Coalification and graphitization of graptolites in the anchizone and lower epizone. International Journal of Coal Geology, 27, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(94)00017-T Search in Google Scholar

Rantitsch, G., 1997. Thermal history of the Carnic Alps (Southern Alps, Austria) and its palaeogeographic implications. Tectonophysics, 272, 213–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00259-4 Search in Google Scholar

Rantitsch, G., 2007. Organische Metamorphose am Auernig (Nasfeld, Karnische Alpen). Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 147, 331–334. Search in Google Scholar

Rantitsch, G., 2023. Graphite thermometry by interactive fitting of Raman spectra. International Journal of Coal Geology, 271, 104232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2023.104232 Search in Google Scholar

Rantitsch, G., Rainer, T., 2003. Thermal modeling of Carboniferous to Triassic sediments of the Karawanken Range (Southern Alps) as a tool for paleogeographic reconstructions in the Alpine-Dinaridic- Pannonian realm, International Journal of Earth Sciences, 92, 195–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-003-0312-4 Search in Google Scholar

Rantitsch, G., Rainer, T., Russegger, B., 2000. Niedrigstgradige Metamorphose im Karbon der Sudalpen (Karnten, Osterreich). Carinthia II, 190, 537–542. Search in Google Scholar

Rantitsch, G., Iglseder, C., Schuster, R., Hollinetz, M.S., Huet, B., Werdenich, M., 2020a. Organic metamorphism as a key for reconstructing tectonic processes: a case study from the Austroalpine unit (Eastern Alps). International Journal of Earth Sciences, 109, 2235–2253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-020-01897-7 Search in Google Scholar

Rantitsch, G., Bryda, G., Gawlick, H.-J., 2020b. Conodont thermometry by Raman spectroscopy on carbonaceous material: a case study from the Northern Calcareous Alps (Murzalpen Nappe, Eastern Alps). Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences. 113, 201–210. https://doi.org/10.17738/ajes.2020.0012. Search in Google Scholar

Rejebian, V.A., Harris, A.G., Huebner, J.S., 1987. Conodont color and textural alteration: An index to regional metamorphism, contact metamorphism, and hydrothermal alteration. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 99, 471–479. Search in Google Scholar

Sassi, R., Arkai, P., Lantai, C., Venturini, C., 1995. Location of the boundary between the metamorphic Southalpine basement and the Paleozoic sequences of the Carnic Alps – illite crystallinity and vitrinite reflectance data. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 75, 399–412. Search in Google Scholar

Sassi, R., Venturini, C., Arkai, P., 2004. The boundary between the metamorphic and nonto anchi-metamorphic domains in the Southalpine basement s.l. of the eastern southern Alps: a review. Periodico di Mineralogia. 73, 131–143. Search in Google Scholar

Schmid, S.M., Fugenschuh, B., Kissling, E., Schuster, R., 2004. Tectonic map and overall architecture of the Alpine orogen. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 97, 93–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-004-1113-x Search in Google Scholar

Schonlaub, H.P., 1985a. Das Palaozoikum der Karnischen Alpen. Arbeitstagung der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 1985, Kotschach- Mauthen, 34–52. Search in Google Scholar

Schonlaub, H.P. (ed.), 1985 b. Geologische Karte der Republik Osterreich 1:50 000. 197 Kotschach. Geologische Bundesanstalt, Wien. Search in Google Scholar

Schonlaub, H.P. (ed.), 1987. Geologische Karte der Republik Osterreich 1:50 000. 198 Weissbriach. Geologische Bundesanstalt, Wien. Search in Google Scholar

Schonlaub, H.P. (ed.), 1989. Geologische Karte der Republik Osterreich 1:50 000. 199 Hermagor. Geologische Bundesanstalt, Wien. Search in Google Scholar

Schonlaub, H.P. (ed.), 1997. Geologische Karte der Republik Osterreich 1:50 000. 196 Obertilliach. Geologische Bundesanstalt, Wien. Search in Google Scholar

Schonlaub, H.P. (ed.), 2007. Geologischen Karte des Jungpalaozoikums der Karnischen Alpen 1:12 500. Geologische Bundesanstalt, Wien. Search in Google Scholar

Schonlaub, H.P., Exner, C., 1984. Ein neues Vorkommen von Tonalitgneis und Gailtalkristallin im mittleren Gailtal. Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 127, 181–186. Search in Google Scholar

Schonlaub, H.P., Forke, H.C., 2007. Die post-variszische Schichtfolge der Karnischen Alpen – Erlauterungen zur Geologischen Karte des Jungpalaozoikums der Karnischen Alpen 1:12 500. Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 61, 3–157. Search in Google Scholar

Schonlaub, H.P., Forke, H., 2023. Das geologische Erbe der Karnischen Alpen. Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein fur Karnten. Klagenfurt, 304 pp. Search in Google Scholar

Schonlaub, H.P., Heinisch, H., 1993. The classic fossiliferous Palaeozoic units of the Eastern and Southern Alps. In: Raumer, J.F. von, Neubauer, F. (eds.) Pre-Mesozoic geology in the Alps. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 395–422. Search in Google Scholar

Schonlaub, H.P., Histon, K., 2000. The Palaeozoic evolution of the Southern Alps. Mitteilungen der osterreichischen geologischen Gesellschaft, 92, 15–34. Search in Google Scholar

Schonlaub, H.P., Attrep, M., Boeckelmann, K., Dreesen, Roland J.M.J., Feist, R., Fenninger, A., Hahn, G., Klein, P., Korn, D., Kratz, R., Magaritz, M., Orth, C.J., Schramm, J.-M., 1992. The Devonian/Carboniferous boundary in the Carnic Alps (Austria) – A multidisciplinary approach. Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 135, 57–98. Search in Google Scholar

Schramm, J.M., 1991. The Permian-Triassic of the Gartnerkofel-1 core (Carnic Alps, Austria): lllite Crystallinity in shaly sediments and its comparison with pre-Variscan sequences. Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 45, 69–77. Search in Google Scholar

Siegesmund, S., Oriolo, S., Broge, A., Hueck, M., Lammerer, B., Basei, M.A.S., Schulz, B., 2023. Cadomian to Cenerian accretionary orogenic processes in the Alpine basement: the detrital zircon archive. International Journal of Earth Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-023-02305-6 Search in Google Scholar

Sprenger, W.L., 1996. Das Periadriatische Lineament sudlich der Lienzer Dolomiten. Strukturgeologie – Fernerkundung – Geochemie. Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 52, 1–220. Search in Google Scholar

Venturini, C., Pondrelli, M., Fontana, C., Delzotto, S., Discenza, K., 2001. Carta geologica delle Alpi Carniche. 1:25 000, Societa elaborazioni cartografiche, Firenze. Search in Google Scholar

Vrabec, M., Fodor, L., 2006. Late Cenozoic tectonics of Slovenia: Structural styles at the northeastern corner of the Adriatic Microplate. In: Pinter, N., Gyula, G., Weber, J., Stein, S., Medak, D. (eds.), The Adria Microplate: GPS Geodesy, Tectonics and Hazards. Springer, Berlin, 151-168. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4235-3_10 Search in Google Scholar

Warr, L.N., Ferreiro Mahlmann, R., 2015. Recommendations for Kubler Index standardization. Clay Minerals, 50, 283–286. https://doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2015.050.3.02 Search in Google Scholar

eISSN:
2072-7151
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
Volume Open
Journal Subjects:
Geosciences, Geophysics, Geology and Mineralogy, other