Conodont thermometry by Raman spectroscopy on carbonaceous material: a case study from the Northern Calcareous Alps (Mürzalpen Nappe, Eastern Alps)

Bojar, A.-V., Halas, S., Bojar, H.-P., Trembaczowski, A., 2018. Late Permian to Triassic isotope composition of sul-fates in the Eastern Alps: palaeogeographic implications. Geological Magazine, 155, 797–810. https://doi.org/10.1017/S001675681600099610.1017/S0016756816000996Search in Google Scholar

Bryda, G., van Husen, D., Kreuss, O., Koukal, V., Moser, M., Pavlik, O., Schönlaub, H.P., Wagreich, M., 2013. Geologische Karte der Republik Österreich 1:50000, Erläuterungen zu Blatt 101 Eisenerz. Geologische Bundesanstalt Wien, 230 pp.Search in Google Scholar

Bryda, G., Ćorić, S., Van Husen, D., Kreuss, O., Mandl, G.W., Pavlik, W., Reiser, M., Moser, M., 2020. Geologische Karte der Republik Österreich. Blatt 102 Aflenz Kurort. Geologische Bundesanstalt Wien. 1:50000, in print.Search in Google Scholar

Budurov, K.J., Sudar, M.N., 1990. Late Triassic Conodont Stratigraphy. In: Ziegler, W. (ed.), Papers on Conodonts and Ordovician to Triassic Conodont Stratigraphy. Contribution IV, Courier Forschunginstitut Senckenberg, 118, pp 203-239.Search in Google Scholar

Chen, Y., Krystyn, L., Orchard, M.J., Lai, X.-L., Richoz, S., 2016. A review of the evolution, biostratigraphy, provincialism and diversity of Middle and Late Triassic conodonts. Papers in Palaeotonlogy, 2, 235-263. https://doi.org/10.1002/spp2.103810.1002/spp2.1038Search in Google Scholar

Chen, Y., Krystyn, L., Orchard, M.J., Lai, X.-L., Richoz, S., 2016. A review of the evolution, biostratigraphy, provincialism and diversity of Middle and Late Triassic conodonts. Papers in Palaeotonlogy, 2, 235-263. https://doi.org/10.1002/spp2.103810.1002/spp2.1038Search in Google Scholar

Dallmeyer, R.D., Handler, R., Neubauer, F., Fritz, H., 1998. Sequence of thrusting within a thick-skinned tec-tonic wedge: evidence from 40Ar/39Ar and Rb-Sr ages from the Austroalpine Nappe complex of the Eastern Alps. The Journal of Geology, 106, 71–86. https://doi.org/10.1086/51600810.1086/516008Search in Google Scholar

Epstein, A.G., Epstein, J.B., Harris, L.D., 1977. Conodont Color Alteration Index to Organic Metamorphism. Geological Survey Professional paper, 995, 1–27.10.3133/pp995Search in Google Scholar

Frank, W., Schlager W., 2006. Jurassic strike slip versus subduction in the Eastern Alps. Geologische Rundschau, 95, 431-450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-005-0045-710.1007/s00531-005-0045-7Search in Google Scholar

Frisch, W., Gawlick, H.J., 2003. The nappe structure of the central Northern Calcareous Alps and its disintegration during Miocene tectonic extrusion—A contribution to understanding the orogenic evolution of the eastern Alps: International Journal of Earth Sciences, 92, 712–727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-003-0357-410.1007/s00531-003-0357-4Search in Google Scholar

Frühauf, S., 2017. Thermometrie an Erzen und Nebengesteinen der Sideritlagerstätte Steirischer Erzberg. Bachelor thesis, Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria, 59 pp.Search in Google Scholar

Gallet, Y., Krystyn, L., Besse, J., 1998. Upper Anisian to Lower Carnian magnetostratigraphy from the Northern Calcareous Alps. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 605–621. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB0215510.1029/97JB02155Search in Google Scholar

Gawlick, H.-J., Krystyn, L., Lein, R., 1994. Conodont colour alteration indices: Palaeotemperatures and metamorphism in the Northern Calcareous Alps - a general view. Geologische Rundschau, 83, 660–664.10.1007/BF01083235Search in Google Scholar

Gawlick, H.-J., Frisch, W., Vecsei, A., Steiger, T., Böhm, F., 1999. The change from rifting to thrusting in the Northern Calcareous Alps as recorded in Jurassic sediments. Geologische Rundschau, 87, 644–657. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531005023710.1007/s005310050237Search in Google Scholar

Haas, I., Eichinger, S., Haller, D., Fritz, H., Nievoll, J., Mandl, M., Hippler, D., Hauzenberger, C., 2020. Gondwana fragments in the Eastern Alps: A travel story from U/Pb zircon data. Gondwana Research, 77, 204–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2019.07.01510.1016/j.gr.2019.07.015Search in Google Scholar

Kralik, M., Schramm, J.-M., 1994. IIIit-Wachstum: Über-gang Diagenese - Metamorphose in Karbonat- und Tongesteinen der Nördlichen Kalkalpen: Mineralogie und Isotopengeologie (Rb-Sr, K-Ar und C-O). Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 137, 105–137.Search in Google Scholar

Kralik, M., Krumm, H., Schramm, J.-M., 1987. Low grade and very low grade metamorphism in the Northern Calcareous Alps and in the Greywacke Zone: Illite - Crystallinity data and isotopic ages. In: Flügel, H.W., Faupl, P. (eds.), Geodynamics of the Eastern Alps. F. Deuticke, Wien, pp. 164–178.Search in Google Scholar

Krystyn, L., Mandl, G.W., Schauer, M., 2009. Growth and termination of the Upper Triassic platform margin of the Dachstein area (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria). Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences, 102, 23–33.Search in Google Scholar

Lanfranco, A. M., Schofield, P. F., Murphy, P. J., Hodson, M. E., Mosselmans, J. F. W., Valsami-Jones, E. (2003). Characterization and identification of mixed-metal phosphates in soils: the application of Raman spectroscopy. Mineralogical Magazine, 67, 1299–1316. https://doi.org/10.1180/002646103676016610.1180/0026461036760166Search in Google Scholar

Lein, R., 2010. Die Entwicklung des Karnbeckens von Aflenz im Spannungsfeld zwischen Eustatik und synsedimentärer Tektonik (Nördliche Kalkalpen, Österreich). Journal of Alpine Geology, 53, 181–199.Search in Google Scholar

Lein, R., Gawlick, H.-J., 2001. Neue Grundlagen zur tektonischen Interngliederung der Mürzalpendecke auf der Basis von Conodont Colour Alteration Index (CAI)-Untersuchungen. Arbeitstagung der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 2001, Neuberg an der Mürz, 132–134.Search in Google Scholar

Leitner, C., Neubauer, F., Genser, J., Borojević-Šoštarić, S., Rantitsch, G., 2014. 40Ar/39Ar ages of crystallization and recrystallization of rock-forming polyhalite in Alpine rocksalt deposits. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 207–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/SP378.510.1144/SP378.5Search in Google Scholar

Linzer, H.-G., Ratschbacher, L., Frisch, W., 1995. Transpressional collision structures in the upper crust: the fold-thrust belt of the Northern Calcareous Alps. Tectonophysics, 242, 41–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)00152-Y10.1016/0040-1951(94)00152-YSearch in Google Scholar

Lünsdorf, N.K., Lünsdorf, J.O., 2016. Evaluating Raman spectra of carbonaceous matter by automated, iterative curve-fitting. International Journal of Coal Geology, 160–161, 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2016.04.00810.1016/j.coal.2016.04.008Search in Google Scholar

Lünsdorf, N.K., Dunkl, I., Schmidt, B.C., Rantitsch, G., von Eynatten, H., 2017. Towards a higher comparability of geothermometric data obtained by Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material. Part 2: A revised geothermometer. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 41, 593–612. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggr.1217810.1111/ggr.12178Search in Google Scholar

Mandl, G.W., 2000. The Alpine sector of the Tethyan shelf - Examples of Triassic to Jurassic sedimentation and deformation from the Northern Calcareous Alps. Mitteilungen der österreichischen geologischen Gesellschaft, 92, 61–77.Search in Google Scholar

Mandl, G.W., 2001. Zum tektonischen Bauplan der östli-chen Kalkhochalpen. Arbeitstagung der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 2001, Neuberg an der Mürz, 123–131.Search in Google Scholar

Marshall, C.P., Mar, G.L., Nicoll, R.S., Wilson, M.A., 2001. Organic geochemistry of artificially matured conodonts. Organic Geochemistry, 32, 1055–1071. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00077-810.1016/S0146-6380(01)00077-8Search in Google Scholar

McMillan, R., Golding, M., 2019. Thermal maturity of carbonaceous material in conodonts and the Color Alteration Index: Independently identifying maximum temperature with Raman spectroscopy. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 534, 109290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.10929010.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109290Search in Google Scholar

McMillan, R., Snoeck, C., Winter, N. J. de, Claeys, P., Weis, D. 2019. Evaluating the impact of acetic acid chemical pre-treatment on ‘old’ and cremated bone with the ‘Perio-spot’ technique and ‘Perios-endos’ profiles. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 530, 330–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.05.01910.1016/j.palaeo.2019.05.019Search in Google Scholar

Medici, L., Malferrari, D., Savioli, M., Ferretti, A., 2020. Mineralogy and crystallization patterns in conodont bioapatite from first occurrence (Cambrian) to extinction (end-Triassic). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 549, 109098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.02.02410.1016/j.palaeo.2019.02.024Search in Google Scholar

Neubauer, F., Handler, R., Hermann, S., Paulus, G., 1994. Revised lithostratigraphy and structure of the Eastern Greywacke Zone (Eastern Alps). Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 86, 61–74.Search in Google Scholar

Noyan, Ö.F., Kozur, H.W., 2007. Revision of the late Carnian – early Norian conodonts from the Stefanion section (Argolis, Greece) and their palaeobiogeographic implications. – Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 245, 159–178.10.1127/0077-7749/2007/0245-0159Search in Google Scholar

Orchard, M.J., 2010. Triassic conodonts and their role in stage boundary definition. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 334, 139–161. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP334.710.1144/SP334.7Search in Google Scholar

Prochaska, W. (2016). Genetic concepts on the formation of the Austrian magnesite and siderite mineralizations in the Eastern Alps of Austria. Geologia Croatica, 69, 31–38. https://doi.org/10.4154/gc.2016.0310.4154/GC.2016.03Search in Google Scholar

Pucéat, E., Reynard, B., Lécuyer, C., 2004. Can crystallinity be used to determine the degree of chemical alteration of biogenic apatites? Chemical geology, 205, 83–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.12.01410.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.12.014Search in Google Scholar

Rantitsch, G., Russegger, B., 2005. Organic maturation within the central Northern Calcareous Alps (Eastern Alps). Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences, 98, 68–76.Search in Google Scholar

Rantitsch, G., Grogger, W., Teichert, C., Ebner, F., Hofer, C., Maurer, E.-M., Schaffer, B., Toth, M., 2004. Conversion of carbonaceous material to graphite within the Greywacke Zone of the Eastern Alps. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 93, 959–973. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-004-0436-110.1007/s00531-004-0436-1Search in Google Scholar

Rantitsch, G., Iglseder, C., Schuster, R., Hollinetz, M. S., Huet, B., Werdenich, M., 2020. Organic metamorphism as a key for reconstructing tectonic processes: a case study from the Austroalpine unit (Eastern Alps). International Journal of Earth Sciences, 109, 2235–2253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-020-01897-710.1007/s00531-020-01897-7Search in Google Scholar

Ratschbacher, L., 1987. Stratigraphy, tectonics and paleo-geography of the Veitsch nappe (Graywacke zone, Eastern Alps: A rearrangement. In: Flügel, H.W., Sassi, F.P., Grecula P. (eds.), Pre-Variscan and Variscan events in the Alpine-Mediterranean mountain belts. Alfa, Bratislava, pp. 407–414.10.1127/njgpm/1987/1987/332Search in Google Scholar

Rejebian, V.A., Harris, A.G., Huebner, J.S., 1987. Conodont color and textural alteration: An index to regional metamorphism, contact metamorphism, and hydrothermal alteration. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 99, 471–479.10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<471:CCATAA>2.0.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

Sachsenhofer, R.F., Bechtel, A., Reischenbacher, D., Weiss, A., 2003. Evolution of lacustrine systems along the Miocene Mur-Mürz fault system (Eastern Alps, Austria) and implications on source rocks in pull-apart basins. Marine and Petroleum Geology. 20, 83–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8172(03)00018-710.1016/S0264-8172(03)00018-7Search in Google Scholar

Schmid, S.M., Fügenschuh, B., Kissling, E., Schuster, R., 2004. Tectonic map and overall architecture of the Alpine orogen. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 97, 93–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-004-1113-x10.1007/s00015-004-1113-xSearch in Google Scholar

Schramm, J.-M., 1982. Zur Metamorphose des feinklastischen Permoskyth im Ostabschnitt der Nördlichen Kalkalpen (Ostösterreich). Verhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 1982, 63–72.Search in Google Scholar

Schuster, R., Frank, W., 1999. Metamorphic evolution of the Austroalpine units east of the Tauern Window: indications for Jurassic strike slip tectonics. Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft der Geologie und Bergbaustudenten Österreichs, 42, 37–58.Search in Google Scholar

Schuster, R., Nowotny, A., 2015. Die Einheiten des Ostalpinen Kristallins auf den Kartenblättern GK50 Blatt 103 Kindberg und 135 Birkfeld. Arbeitstagung der Geologis-chen Bundesanstalt 2015, Mitterdorf im Mürztal 10–37.Search in Google Scholar

Spötl, C., Hasenhüttl, C., 1998. Thermal history of the evaporitic Haselgebirge mélange in the Northern Calcareous Alps (Austria). Geologische Rundschau, 98, 449–460.10.1007/s005310050221Search in Google Scholar

Spötl, C., Kralik, M., Kunk, M.J., 1996. Authigenic feldspar as an indicator of paleo-rock/water interactions in Permian carbonates of the Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 66, 139–146.10.1306/D42682D9-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865DSearch in Google Scholar

Spötl, C., Kunk, M.J., Ramseyer, K., Longstaffe, F.J., 1998a. Authigenic potassium feldspar - a tracer for the timing of paleo-fluid flow in carbonate rock, Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria. In: Parnell, J. (ed.), Dating and duration of fluid flow and fluid-rock interaction. Geological Society of London Special Publications, 144, 107–128.10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.144.01.08Search in Google Scholar

Spötl, C., Longstaffe, F.J., Ramseyer, K., Kunk, M.J., Wiesheu, R., 1998b. Fluid-rock reactions in an evaporitic mélange, Permian Haselgebirge, Austrian Alps. Sedimentology, 45, 1019–1044.10.1046/j.1365-3091.1998.00188.xSearch in Google Scholar

Spötl, C., Longstaffe, F.J., Ramseyer, Rüdinger, B., 1999. Authigenic albite in carbonate rocks - a tracer for deep-burial brine migration? Sedimentology, 46, 649–666.10.1046/j.1365-3091.1999.00237.xSearch in Google Scholar

Thomas, D.B., Fordyce, R.E., Frew, R.D., Gordon, K.C., 2007. A rapid, non-destructive method of detecting diagenetic alteration in fossil bone using Raman spectroscopy. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy. 38, 1533–1537. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.185110.1002/jrs.1851Search in Google Scholar

Thomas, D.B., McGoverin, C.M., Fordyce, R.E., Frew, R.D., Gordon, K.C., 2011. Raman spectroscopy of fossil bioapatite — A proxy for diagenetic alteration of the oxygen isotope composition. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 310, 62–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.06.01610.1016/j.palaeo.2011.06.016Search in Google Scholar

Trotter, J.A., Eggins, St.M., 2006. Chemical systematics of conodont apatite determined by laser ablation ICPMS. Chemical Geology, 233, 196-216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.03.00410.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.03.004Search in Google Scholar

Wojdyr, M., 2010. Fityk: a general-purpose peak fitting program. Journal of applied crystallography, 43, 1126–1128.10.1107/S0021889810030499Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, L., Cao, L., Zhao, L., Algeo, T.J., Chen, Z.-Q., Li, Z., Lv, Z., Wang, X., 2017. Raman spectral, elemental, crystallinity, and oxygen-isotope variations in conodont apatite during diagenesis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 210, 184–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.04.03610.1016/j.gca.2017.04.036Search in Google Scholar