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Fig. 1.

PRISMA 2009 Flow Diagram
PRISMA 2009 Flow Diagram

Fig. 2.

Forest plot showing the sensitivities and specificities of the studies, and pooled results (represented with a thick horizontal line at the bottom of the plot)
Forest plot showing the sensitivities and specificities of the studies, and pooled results (represented with a thick horizontal line at the bottom of the plot)

Variables of the study (N/A represents that no data related to particular variables were available in the studies)

No. Author (year) Sensitivity Specificity Country Sample size Disease Journal
1 Cajas et al. (1988)(22) N/A N/A Italy 20 Gout Acta Radiol
2 Nalbant et al. (2003)(23) N/A N/A USA 26 Gout The Journal of Rheumatology
3 Grassi et al. (2006)(24) N/A N/A Italy 60 Gout Semin Arthritis Rheum
4 Rettenbacher et al. (2007)(25) 96 73 Austria 105 Gout European Radiology
5 Thiele & Schlesinger (2007)(7) N/A N/A USA 23 Gout Rheumatology
6 Wright et al. (2007)(6) 67% 71% UK 39 Gout Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
7 Filippucci et al. (2008)(8) 43.70% 99% France 132 Gout Osteoarthritis and Cartilage
8 Iagnocco et al. (201 1)(26) N/A N/A Italy N/A Gout Semin Ultrasound CT MR
9 Perez-Ruiz et al. (2009)(5) 96% 73% Spain N/A Gout Arthritis Research & Therapy
10 Carter et al. (2009)(27) N/A N/A USA 27 Gout Rheumatology
11 Filippucci et al. (2010)(28) N/A N/A Italy 100 Gout Clin Exp Rheumatol
12 Thiele (2011)(14) 96% 83.70% New York N/A Gout Current Rheumatology Reports
13 Pineda et al. (201 1)(29) N/A N/A Mexico 102 Gouty Arthritis Arthritis Research & Therapy
14 Howard et al. (201 1)(30) N/A N/A New York 50 Gout Arthritis Care & Research
15 de Ávila Fernandes et al. (2011)(31) 83.30% 61.60% Brazil 31 Gout Skeletal Radiology
16 Filippucci et al. (201 1)(33) 85% 79% Italy 50 Gout European Radiology
17 Ottaviani et al. (201 1)(34) 75% 62.50% France 15 Gout Experimental Rheumatology
18 Choi et al. (201 1)(35) 78% 93% USA 40 Gout Annals of Rheumatic Diseases
19 Dalbeth et al. (201 1)(36) 81% 76% USA 33 Gout Annals of Rheumatic Diseases
20 Glazebrook et al. (201 1)(37) 100% 89% New York 12 Gout Radiology
21 De Miguel et al. (201 1)(32) 43% 99% Spain 26 Gout Annals of Rheumatic Diseases
22 Roddy et al. (2013)(38) 90% 93% UK 40 Gout Joint Bone Spine
23 McQueen et al. (2012)(39) N/A N/A New Zealand Gout Postgraduate Medical Journal
24 Ottaviani et al. (2012)(40) 67% 100% France 500 Gout Clin Exp Rheumatol
25 Girish et al. (2013)(41) N/A N/A USA N/A Gout Hindawi
26 Bergner et al. (2013)(42) 92% 72% Germany 103 Gout Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
27 Huppertz et al. (2014)(43) 84.60% 85.70% Berlin 60 Gout Rheumatology International
28 Zhang et al. (2014)(44) 95.59% 68% China 32 Gout Journal of Sichuan University
29 Lamers-Karnebeek et al. (2014)(45) 77% 96% Netherlands 54 Gout Clinical Rheumatology
30 Naredo et al. (2014)(46) 84.60% 83.30% Spain 91 Gout Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
31 Löffler et al. (2015)(20) 85% 80% Germany 225 Gout Journal of Rheumatology
32 Atik et al. (2015)(47) 46.30% 99% Italy N/A Gout Medical Ultrasonography
33 Zufferey et al. (2015)(48) 60% 90% Switzerland 109 Gout Arthritis Research & Therapy
34 Bongartz et al. (2015)(49) 90% 83% USA 40 Gout Annals of Rheumatic Diseases
35 Diekhoff et al. (2015)(50) 100% 100% Germany 3 Gout Skeletal radiology
36 Ogdie et al. (2017)(18) 76.90% 84.30% New Zealand 824 Gout Arthritis and Rheumatology
37 Das et al. (2016)(51) 86.25% 100% India 38 Gout Modern Rheumatology
38 Elsama et al. (2016)(19) 85.90% 86.70% Germany 100 Gout Ultrasound Med Biol
39 Zhu et al. (2017)(52) 97.14% 74.29% China 195 Gout Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine
40 Elsaman et al. (2016)(19) 86% 87% Egypt 100 Gout Ultrasound Med Biol
41 Ahmad et al. (2016)(53) 100% 48% India 30 Gout Int J Rheum Dis
42 Ventura-Ríos et al. (2016)(54) 69.60% 92% Mexico 35 Gout Clinical Rheumatology
43 Stewart et al. (2017)(55) N/A N/A New Zealand 86 Gout Journal of Foot and Ankle Research
44 Stewart et al. (2017)(56) N/A N/A New Zealand 34 Gout Arthritis Care & Research
45 Das et al. (2017)(12) 69.40% 100% India 62 Gout Int J Rheum Dis
46 Lee & Song (2017)(57) 65.10% 89.00% Korea 938 Gout Semin Arthritis Rheum
47 Pattamapaspong et al. (2017)(58) 58% 92% Thailand 89 Gout Skeletal Radiology
48 Zhang et al. (2018)(44) 66% 92% China 13 Gout PLOS ONE
49 Tekaya et al. (2018)(59) N/A N/A Tunisia 1 Gout Egyptian Rheumatologist
50 Bhadu et al. (2018)(60) 87.20% 84% India 47 Gout Int J Rheum Dis
51 Gamala et al. (2018)(61) N/A N/A Netherlands 147 Gout Clinical Rheumatology
52 Dalbeth & Doyle (2018)(62) N/A N/A New Zealand 60 Gout Rheumatology
53 Jia et al. (2018)(63) 80.88% 88.24% China 221 Gout Clinical Rheumatology
54 Ramon et al. (2018)(64) 90% 80% France 1502 Gout Clinical Rheumatology
55 Di Matteo et al. (2019)(65) N/A N/A Portugal 40 Gout Joint Bone Spine
56 Cazenave et al. (2019)(66) N/A N/A Germany 13 Gout Rheumatology International
57 Murayama et al. (2019)(67) N/A N/A N/A 1 Gout Mod Rheumatol Case Rep
58 Micu & Dogaru (2019)(68) N/A N/A N/A 1 Gout Clinical Rheumatology
59 Persons & Kissin (2020)(69) N/A N/A USA 1 Gout J Med Ultrasound
60 Sakellariou et al. (2020)(70) 79% 69% Italy 943 Gout Frontiers in Medicine
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