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Ultrasonography of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque in the carotid arteries: B-mode imaging

Andrzej Fedak
Andrzej Fedak
, 
Katarzyna Ciuk
Katarzyna Ciuk
 and 
Andrzej Urbanik
Andrzej Urbanik
   | Jun 15, 2020
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Article Category: research-article
Published Online: Jun 15, 2020
Page range: 135 - 145
Received: Nov 14, 2019
Accepted: Apr 30, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15557/jou.2020.0022
Keywords
© 2021 Polish Ultrasound Society. Published by Medical Communications Sp. z o.o.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Fig. 1.

Atherosclerotic plaque: a schematic
Atherosclerotic plaque: a schematic

Fig. 2.

Atherosclerotic plaque evolution into vulnerable plaque (Virmani34)
Atherosclerotic plaque evolution into vulnerable plaque (Virmani34)

Fig. 3.

Uniformly echolucent plaque on the posterior wall of the LCCA (left common carotid artery). A. B-Mode. B. CFM mode. Author’s own material
Uniformly echolucent plaque on the posterior wall of the LCCA (left common carotid artery). A. B-Mode. B. CFM mode. Author’s own material

Fig. 4.

Uniformly echolucent plaque on the posterior wall of the ICA (internal carotid artery). A. Plaque is visible thanks to flow visualization in a directional power Doppler examination. B. Plaque visualized in a volumetric examination. Author’s own material
Uniformly echolucent plaque on the posterior wall of the ICA (internal carotid artery). A. Plaque is visible thanks to flow visualization in a directional power Doppler examination. B. Plaque visualized in a volumetric examination. Author’s own material

Fig. 5.

Type (class) II plaque on the posterior wall of the CCA bifurcation. Author’s own material
Type (class) II plaque on the posterior wall of the CCA bifurcation. Author’s own material

Fig. 6.

Atherosclerotic plaque on the ICA anterior wall. A. Type II plaque, TCAP with elements of JBA (juxtaluminal black area) – blue arrow, and calcification – red arrow. B. Plaque visualized in a volumetric examination. Author’s own material
Atherosclerotic plaque on the ICA anterior wall. A. Type II plaque, TCAP with elements of JBA (juxtaluminal black area) – blue arrow, and calcification – red arrow. B. Plaque visualized in a volumetric examination. Author’s own material

Fig. 7.

Mixed type II plaque. A. On the posterior wall of the CCA bifurcation, CFM image. B. On the ICA posterior wall – SMI (superb microvascular imaging). Author’s own material
Mixed type II plaque. A. On the posterior wall of the CCA bifurcation, CFM image. B. On the ICA posterior wall – SMI (superb microvascular imaging). Author’s own material

Fig. 8.

Heterogeneous type III plaque. Authors’ own material
Heterogeneous type III plaque. Authors’ own material

Fig. 9.

Type IV plaque; ICA flow with visible contrast enhancement. Authors’ own material
Type IV plaque; ICA flow with visible contrast enhancement. Authors’ own material

Fig. 10.

Completely calcified plaque. A. Acoustic shadow covers the field of view; B. B-Flow STIC imaging. C. CEUS. Author’s own material
Completely calcified plaque. A. Acoustic shadow covers the field of view; B. B-Flow STIC imaging. C. CEUS. Author’s own material

Fig. 11.

Measurements. A. IMT; B. VWT. Author’s own material
Measurements. A. IMT; B. VWT. Author’s own material

Fig. 12.

Plaque ulceration. A. CFM image. B. SMI. C. Volumetric examination – surface rendering. Authors’ own material
Plaque ulceration. A. CFM image. B. SMI. C. Volumetric examination – surface rendering. Authors’ own material

Fig. 13.

Atherosclerotic plaque with smooth surface GWN IIIa. Authors’ own material
Atherosclerotic plaque with smooth surface GWN IIIa. Authors’ own material

Fig. 14.

Atherosclerotic plaque with irregular surface GWN IIIb. Authors’ own material
Atherosclerotic plaque with irregular surface GWN IIIb. Authors’ own material

Fig. 15.

Atherosclerotic plaque with ulceration GWN IIIc. Authors’ own material
Atherosclerotic plaque with ulceration GWN IIIc. Authors’ own material

Fig. 16.

Type IIIb plaque in the Gray-Weale–Nikolaides classification. Authors’ own material
Type IIIb plaque in the Gray-Weale–Nikolaides classification. Authors’ own material

Fig. 17.

Atherosclerotic plaque, CEUS. Authors’ own material
Atherosclerotic plaque, CEUS. Authors’ own material

Fig. 18.

Atherosclerotic plaque, SWE. Authors’ own material
Atherosclerotic plaque, SWE. Authors’ own material
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