Open Access

Infiltrative non-mass-like hepatocellular carcinoma initially presenting with isolated malignant portal vein thrombosis: A case report and review of the literature


Cite

Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A: Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2018; 68: 394–424. Bray F Ferlay J Soerjomataram I Siegel RL Torre LA Jemal A : Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries . CA Cancer J Clin 2018 ; 68 : 394 424 . 10.3322/caac.2149230207593 Search in Google Scholar

Budny A, Kozłowski P, Kamińska M, Jankiewicz M, Kolak A, Budny B et al.: [Epidemiology and risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma]. Pol Merkur Lekarski 2017; 43: 133–139. Budny A Kozłowski P Kamińska M Jankiewicz M Kolak A Budny B : [Epidemiology and risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma] . Pol Merkur Lekarski 2017 ; 43 : 133 139 . Search in Google Scholar

Jindal A, Thadi A, Shailubhai K: Hepatocellular carcinoma: etiology and current and future drugs. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2019; 9: 221–232. Jindal A Thadi A Shailubhai K : Hepatocellular carcinoma: etiology and current and future drugs . J Clin Exp Hepatol 2019 ; 9 : 221 232 . 10.1016/j.jceh.2019.01.004647712531024205 Search in Google Scholar

Fujiwara N, Friedman SL, Goossens N, Hoshida Y: Risk factors and prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in the era of precision medicine. J Hepatol 2018; 68: 526–549. Fujiwara N Friedman SL Goossens N Hoshida Y : Risk factors and prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in the era of precision medicine . J Hepatol 2018 ; 68 : 526 549 . 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.09.016581831528989095 Search in Google Scholar

Society AC: Liver cancer risk factors 2019 [updated April 1, 2019. Online: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/liver-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html]. Society AC : Liver cancer risk factors 2019 [updated April 1, 2019. Online: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/liver-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html] . Search in Google Scholar

Shafizadeh N, Kakar S: Hepatocellular carcinoma: histologic subtypes. Surg Pathol Clin 2013; 6: 367–384. Shafizadeh N Kakar S : Hepatocellular carcinoma: histologic subtypes . Surg Pathol Clin 2013 ; 6 : 367 384 . 10.1016/j.path.2013.03.00726838979 Search in Google Scholar

El Jabbour T, Lagana SM, Lee H: Update on hepatocellular carcinoma: Pathologists’ review. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25: 1653–1665. El Jabbour T Lagana SM Lee H : Update on hepatocellular carcinoma: Pathologists’ review . World J Gastroenterol 2019 ; 25 : 1653 1665 . 10.3748/wjg.v25.i14.1653646594331011252 Search in Google Scholar

Torbenson MS: Morphologic subtypes of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2017; 46: 365–391. Torbenson MS : Morphologic subtypes of hepatocellular carcinoma . Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2017 ; 46 : 365 391 . 10.1016/j.gtc.2017.01.00928506370 Search in Google Scholar

Han YS, Choi DL, Park JB: Cirrhotomimetic type hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosed after liver transplantation – eighteen months of followup: a case report. Transplant Proc 2008; 40: 2835–2836. Han YS Choi DL Park JB : Cirrhotomimetic type hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosed after liver transplantation – eighteen months of followup: a case report . Transplant Proc 2008 ; 40 : 2835 2836 . 10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.07.01218929876 Search in Google Scholar

Okuda K, Noguchi T, Kubo Y, Shimokawa Y, Kojiro M, Nakashima T: A clinical and pathological study of diffuse type hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver 1981; 1: 280–289. Okuda K Noguchi T Kubo Y Shimokawa Y Kojiro M Nakashima T : A clinical and pathological study of diffuse type hepatocellular carcinoma . Liver 1981 ; 1 : 280 289 . 10.1111/j.1600-0676.1981.tb00044.x6294441 Search in Google Scholar

Kim YK, Han YM, Kim CS: Comparison of diffuse hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma using sequentially acquired gadolinium-enhanced and Resovist-enhanced MRI. Eur J Radiol 2009; 70: 94–100. Kim YK Han YM Kim CS : Comparison of diffuse hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma using sequentially acquired gadolinium-enhanced and Resovist-enhanced MRI . Eur J Radiol 2009 ; 70 : 94 100 . 10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.01.01518316169 Search in Google Scholar

Rogoveanu I, Văcaru D, Gheonea D, Georgescu CV, Comănescu V, Ciurea T: Diagnostic particularities in primitive diffuse form hepatocellular carcinoma associated with portal vein thrombosis. Rom J Morphol Embryol 2005; 46: 317–321. Rogoveanu I Văcaru D Gheonea D Georgescu CV Comănescu V Ciurea T : Diagnostic particularities in primitive diffuse form hepatocellular carcinoma associated with portal vein thrombosis . Rom J Morphol Embryol 2005 ; 46 : 317 321 . Search in Google Scholar

Jakate S, Yabes A, Giusto D, Naini B, Lassman C, Yeh MM et al.: Diffuse cirrhosis-like hepatocellular carcinoma: a clinically and radiographically undetected variant mimicking cirrhosis. Am J Surg Pathol 2010; 34: 935–341. Jakate S Yabes A Giusto D Naini B Lassman C Yeh MM : Diffuse cirrhosis-like hepatocellular carcinoma: a clinically and radiographically undetected variant mimicking cirrhosis . Am J Surg Pathol 2010 ; 34 : 935 341 . 10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181ddf52f20463569 Search in Google Scholar

Ho CM, Liang PC, Hu RH, Lee PH: Diffuse cirrhosis-like recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection. Surgery 2016; 160: 519–520. Ho CM Liang PC Hu RH Lee PH : Diffuse cirrhosis-like recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection . Surgery 2016 ; 160 : 519 520 . 10.1016/j.surg.2015.12.007 Search in Google Scholar

Poddar N, Avezbakiyev B, He Z, Jiang M, Gohari A, Wang JC: Hepatocellular carcinoma presenting as an incidental isolated malignant portal vein thrombosis. J Gastrointest Cancer 2012; 43: 486–489. Poddar N Avezbakiyev B He Z Jiang M Gohari A Wang JC : Hepatocellular carcinoma presenting as an incidental isolated malignant portal vein thrombosis . J Gastrointest Cancer 2012 ; 43 : 486 489 . 10.1007/s12029-010-9235-z Search in Google Scholar

Trevisani F, Caraceni P, Bernardi M, D’Intino PE, Arienti V, Amorati P et al.: Gross pathologic types of hepatocellular carcinoma in Italian patients. Relationship with demographic, environmental, and clinical factors. Cancer 1993; 72: 1557–1563. Trevisani F Caraceni P Bernardi M D’Intino PE Arienti V Amorati P : Gross pathologic types of hepatocellular carcinoma in Italian patients. Relationship with demographic, environmental, and clinical factors . Cancer 1993 ; 72 : 1557 1563 . 10.1002/1097-0142(19930901)72:5<1557::AID-CNCR2820720512>3.0.CO;2-5 Search in Google Scholar

Kanematsu M, Semelka RC, Leonardou P, Mastropasqua M, Lee JK: Hepatocellular carcinoma of diffuse type: MR imaging findings and clinical manifestations. J Magn Reson Imaging 2003; 18: 189–195. Kanematsu M Semelka RC Leonardou P Mastropasqua M Lee JK : Hepatocellular carcinoma of diffuse type: MR imaging findings and clinical manifestations . J Magn Reson Imaging 2003 ; 18 : 189 195 . 10.1002/jmri.10336 Search in Google Scholar

Reynolds AR, Furlan A, Fetzer DT, Sasatomi E, Borhani AA, Heller MT et al.: Infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma: what radiologists need to know. Radiographics 2015; 35: 371–386. Reynolds AR Furlan A Fetzer DT Sasatomi E Borhani AA Heller MT : Infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma: what radiologists need to know . Radiographics 2015 ; 35 : 371 386 . 10.1148/rg.352140114 Search in Google Scholar

Demirjian A, Peng P, Geschwind JF, Cosgrove D, Schutz J, Kamel IR et al.: Infiltrating hepatocellular carcinoma: seeing the tree through the forest. J Gastrointest Surg 2011; 15: 2089–2097. Demirjian A Peng P Geschwind JF Cosgrove D Schutz J Kamel IR : Infiltrating hepatocellular carcinoma: seeing the tree through the forest . J Gastrointest Surg 2011 ; 15 : 2089 2097 . 10.1007/s11605-011-1614-7 Search in Google Scholar

Sereni CP, Rodgers SK, Kirby CL, Goykhman I: Portal vein thrombus and infiltrative HCC: a pictoral review. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2017; 42: 159–170. Sereni CP Rodgers SK Kirby CL Goykhman I : Portal vein thrombus and infiltrative HCC: a pictoral review . Abdom Radiol (NY) 2017 ; 42 : 159 170 . 10.1007/s00261-016-0855-z Search in Google Scholar

Benvegnù L, Noventa F, Bernardinello E, Pontisso P, Gatta A, Alberti A: Evidence for an association between the aetiology of cirrhosis and pattern of hepatocellular carcinoma development. Gut 2001; 48: 110–115. Benvegnù L Noventa F Bernardinello E Pontisso P Gatta A Alberti A : Evidence for an association between the aetiology of cirrhosis and pattern of hepatocellular carcinoma development . Gut 2001 ; 48 : 110 115 . 10.1136/gut.48.1.110 Search in Google Scholar

Myung SJ, Yoon JH, Kim KM, Gwak GY, Kim YJ, Yu JW et al.: Diffuse infiltrative hepatocellular carcinomas in a hepatitis B-endemic area: diagnostic and therapeutic impediments. Hepatogastroenterology 2006; 53: 266–270. Myung SJ Yoon JH Kim KM Gwak GY Kim YJ Yu JW : Diffuse infiltrative hepatocellular carcinomas in a hepatitis B-endemic area: diagnostic and therapeutic impediments . Hepatogastroenterology 2006 ; 53 : 266 270 . Search in Google Scholar

Kneuertz PJ, Demirjian A, Firoozmand A, Corona-Villalobos C, Bhagat N, Herman J et al.: Diffuse infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma: assessment of presentation, treatment, and outcomes. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19: 2897–2907. Kneuertz PJ Demirjian A Firoozmand A Corona-Villalobos C Bhagat N Herman J : Diffuse infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma: assessment of presentation, treatment, and outcomes . Ann Surg Oncol 2012 ; 19 : 2897 2907 . 10.1245/s10434-012-2336-0 Search in Google Scholar

Farinati F, Marino D, De Giorgio M, Baldan A, Cantarini M, Cursaro C et al.: Diagnostic and prognostic role of alpha-fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma: both or neither? Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 524–532. Farinati F Marino D De Giorgio M Baldan A Cantarini M Cursaro C : Diagnostic and prognostic role of alpha-fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma: both or neither? Am J Gastroenterol 2006 ; 101 : 524 532 . 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00443.x Search in Google Scholar

Tada T, Kumada T, Toyoda H, Kiriyama S, Sone Y, Tanikawa M et al.: Relationship between Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive alpha-fetoprotein and pathologic features of hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2005; 25: 848–853. Tada T Kumada T Toyoda H Kiriyama S Sone Y Tanikawa M : Relationship between Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive alpha-fetoprotein and pathologic features of hepatocellular carcinoma . Liver Int 2005 ; 25 : 848 853 . 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2005.01111.x15998436 Search in Google Scholar

Okuda H, Saito A, Shiratori K, Yamamoto M, Takasaki K, Nakano M: Clinicopathologic features of patients with primary malignant hepatic tumors seropositive for alpha-fetoprotein-L3 alone in comparison with other patients seropositive for alpha-fetoprotein-L3. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 20: 759–764. Okuda H Saito A Shiratori K Yamamoto M Takasaki K Nakano M : Clinicopathologic features of patients with primary malignant hepatic tumors seropositive for alpha-fetoprotein-L3 alone in comparison with other patients seropositive for alpha-fetoprotein-L3 . J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005 ; 20 : 759 764 . 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03773.x15853991 Search in Google Scholar

Okuda H, Nakanishi T, Takatsu K, Saito A, Hayashi N, Yamamoto M et al.: Clinicopathologic features of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma seropositive for alpha-fetoprotein-L3 and seronegative for des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin in comparison with those seropositive for des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin alone. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 17: 772–778. Okuda H Nakanishi T Takatsu K Saito A Hayashi N Yamamoto M : Clinicopathologic features of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma seropositive for alpha-fetoprotein-L3 and seronegative for des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin in comparison with those seropositive for des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin alone . J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002 ; 17 : 772 778 . 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2002.02806.x12121507 Search in Google Scholar

Yu NC, Chaudhari V, Raman SS, Lassman C, Tong MJ, Busuttil RW et al.: CT and MRI improve detection of hepatocellular carcinoma, compared with ultrasound alone, in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 9: 161–167. Yu NC Chaudhari V Raman SS Lassman C Tong MJ Busuttil RW : CT and MRI improve detection of hepatocellular carcinoma, compared with ultrasound alone, in patients with cirrhosis . Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011 ; 9 : 161 167 . 10.1016/j.cgh.2010.09.01720920597 Search in Google Scholar

Lim S, Kim YK, Park HJ, Lee WJ, Choi D, Park MJ: Infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma on gadoxetic acid-enhanced and diffusion-weighted MRI at 3.0T. J Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 39: 1238–1245. Lim S Kim YK Park HJ Lee WJ Choi D Park MJ : Infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma on gadoxetic acid-enhanced and diffusion-weighted MRI at 3.0T . J Magn Reson Imaging 2014 ; 39 : 1238 1245 . 10.1002/jmri.2426524136725 Search in Google Scholar

Halıloğlu N, Özkavukcu E, Erden A, Erden I: MR imaging in diffuse-type hepatocellular carcinoma with synchronous portal vein thrombi. Turk J Gastroenterol 2011; 22: 158–164. Halıloğlu N Özkavukcu E Erden A Erden I : MR imaging in diffuse-type hepatocellular carcinoma with synchronous portal vein thrombi . Turk J Gastroenterol 2011 ; 22 : 158 164 . 10.4318/tjg.2011.018521796552 Search in Google Scholar

Park YS, Lee CH, Kim BH, Lee J, Choi JW, Kim KA et al.: Using Gd-EOBDTPA-enhanced 3-T MRI for the differentiation of infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma and focal confluent fibrosis in liver cirrhosis. Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 31: 1137–1142. Park YS Lee CH Kim BH Lee J Choi JW Kim KA : Using Gd-EOBDTPA-enhanced 3-T MRI for the differentiation of infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma and focal confluent fibrosis in liver cirrhosis . Magn Reson Imaging 2013 ; 31 : 1137 1142 . 10.1016/j.mri.2013.01.01123688409 Search in Google Scholar

Rosenkrantz AB, Lee L, Matza BW, Kim S: Infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of MRI sequences for lesion conspicuity. Clin Radiol 2012; 67: e105–111. Rosenkrantz AB Lee L Matza BW Kim S : Infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of MRI sequences for lesion conspicuity . Clin Radiol 2012 ; 67 : 105 111 . 10.1016/j.crad.2012.08.01923026725 Search in Google Scholar

Choi JY, Lee JM, Sirlin CB: CT and MR imaging diagnosis and staging of hepatocellular carcinoma: part II. Extracellular agents, hepatobiliary agents, and ancillary imaging features. Radiology 2014; 273: 30–50. Choi JY Lee JM Sirlin CB : CT and MR imaging diagnosis and staging of hepatocellular carcinoma: part II. Extracellular agents, hepatobiliary agents, and ancillary imaging features . Radiology 2014 ; 273 : 30 50 . 10.1148/radiol.14132362426377025247563 Search in Google Scholar

Willatt JM, Hussain HK, Adusumilli S, Marrero JA: MR Imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma in the cirrhotic liver: challenges and controversies. Radiology 2008; 247: 311–130. Willatt JM Hussain HK Adusumilli S Marrero JA : MR Imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma in the cirrhotic liver: challenges and controversies . Radiology 2008 ; 247 : 311 130 . 10.1148/radiol.247206133118430871 Search in Google Scholar

Dodd GD 3rd, Memel DS, Baron RL, Eichner L, Santiguida LA: Portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis: does sonographic detection of intrathrombus flow allow differentiation of benign and malignant thrombus? AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995; 165: 573–577. Dodd GD 3rd Memel DS Baron RL Eichner L Santiguida LA : Portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis: does sonographic detection of intrathrombus flow allow differentiation of benign and malignant thrombus? AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995 ; 165 : 573 577 . 10.2214/ajr.165.3.76454737645473 Search in Google Scholar

Margini C, Berzigotti A: Portal vein thrombosis: The role of imaging in the clinical setting. Dig Liver Dis 2017; 49: 113–120. Margini C Berzigotti A : Portal vein thrombosis: The role of imaging in the clinical setting . Dig Liver Dis 2017 ; 49 : 113 120 . 10.1016/j.dld.2016.11.01327965037 Search in Google Scholar

Tublin ME, Dodd GD 3rd, Baron RL: Benign and malignant portal vein thrombosis: differentiation by CT characteristics. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997; 168: 719–723. Tublin ME Dodd GD 3rd Baron RL : Benign and malignant portal vein thrombosis: differentiation by CT characteristics . AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997 ; 168 : 719 723 . 10.2214/ajr.168.3.90575229057522 Search in Google Scholar

Raza SA, Jang HJ, Kim TK: Differentiating malignant from benign thrombosis in hepatocellular carcinoma: contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Abdom Imaging 2014; 39: 153–161. Raza SA Jang HJ Kim TK : Differentiating malignant from benign thrombosis in hepatocellular carcinoma: contrast-enhanced ultrasound . Abdom Imaging 2014 ; 39 : 153 161 . 10.1007/s00261-013-0034-424002440 Search in Google Scholar

Tarantino L, Ambrosino P, Di Minno MN: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in differentiating malignant from benign portal vein thrombosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21: 9457–9460. Tarantino L Ambrosino P Di Minno MN : Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in differentiating malignant from benign portal vein thrombosis in hepatocellular carcinoma . World J Gastroenterol 2015 ; 21 : 9457 9460 . 10.3748/wjg.v21.i32.9457454810626327753 Search in Google Scholar

Shah ZK, McKernan MG, Hahn PF, Sahani DV: Enhancing and expansile portal vein thrombosis: value in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with multiple hepatic lesions. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 188: 1320–1323. Shah ZK McKernan MG Hahn PF Sahani DV : Enhancing and expansile portal vein thrombosis: value in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with multiple hepatic lesions . AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007 ; 188 : 1320 1323 . 10.2214/AJR.06.013417449777 Search in Google Scholar

Catalano OA, Choy G, Zhu A, Hahn PF, Sahani DV: Differentiation of malignant thrombus from bland thrombus of the portal vein in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: application of diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Radiology 2010; 254: 154–162. Catalano OA Choy G Zhu A Hahn PF Sahani DV : Differentiation of malignant thrombus from bland thrombus of the portal vein in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: application of diffusion-weighted MR imaging . Radiology 2010 ; 254 : 154 162 . 10.1148/radiol.0909030420032150 Search in Google Scholar

Brancatelli G, Baron RL, Federle MP, Sparacia G, Pealer K: Focal confluent fibrosis in cirrhotic liver: natural history studied with serial CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009; 192: 1341–1347. Brancatelli G Baron RL Federle MP Sparacia G Pealer K : Focal confluent fibrosis in cirrhotic liver: natural history studied with serial CT . AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009 ; 192 : 1341 1347 . 10.2214/AJR.07.278219380559 Search in Google Scholar

Ohtomo K, Baron RL, Dodd GD 3rd, Federle MP, Miller WJ, Campbell WL et al.: Confluent hepatic fibrosis in advanced cirrhosis: appearance at CT. Radiology 1993; 188: 31–35. Ohtomo K Baron RL Dodd GD 3rd Federle MP Miller WJ Campbell WL : Confluent hepatic fibrosis in advanced cirrhosis: appearance at CT . Radiology 1993 ; 188 : 31 35 . 10.1148/radiology.188.1.85113168511316 Search in Google Scholar

Ohtomo K, Baron RL, Dodd GD 3rd, Federle MP, Ohtomo Y, Confer SR: Confluent hepatic fibrosis in advanced cirrhosis: evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology 1993; 189: 871–874. Ohtomo K Baron RL Dodd GD 3rd Federle MP Ohtomo Y Confer SR : Confluent hepatic fibrosis in advanced cirrhosis: evaluation with MR imaging . Radiology 1993 ; 189 : 871 874 . 10.1148/radiology.189.3.82347188234718 Search in Google Scholar

Pokharel SS, Macura KJ, Kamel IR, Zaheer A. Current MR imaging lipid detection techniques for diagnosis of lesions in the abdomen and pelvis. Radiographics 2013; 33: 681–702. Pokharel SS Macura KJ Kamel IR Zaheer A. Current MR imaging lipid detection techniques for diagnosis of lesions in the abdomen and pelvis . Radiographics 2013 ; 33 : 681 702 . 10.1148/rg.333125068 Search in Google Scholar

Mortelé KJ, Segatto E, Ros PR: The infected liver: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2004; 24: 937–955. Mortelé KJ Segatto E Ros PR : The infected liver: radiologic-pathologic correlation . Radiographics 2004 ; 24 : 937 955 . 10.1148/rg.244035719 Search in Google Scholar

Chung YE, Kim MJ, Park YN, Choi JY, Pyo JY, Kim YC et al.: Varying appearances of cholangiocarcinoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2009; 29: 683–700. Chung YE Kim MJ Park YN Choi JY Pyo JY Kim YC : Varying appearances of cholangiocarcinoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation . Radiographics 2009 ; 29 : 683 700 . 10.1148/rg.293085729 Search in Google Scholar

Lee WJ, Lim HK, Jang KM, Kim SH, Lee SJ, Lim JH et al.: Radiologic spectrum of cholangiocarcinoma: emphasis on unusual manifestations and differential diagnoses. Radiographics 2001; 21: S97–S116. Lee WJ Lim HK Jang KM Kim SH Lee SJ Lim JH : Radiologic spectrum of cholangiocarcinoma: emphasis on unusual manifestations and differential diagnoses . Radiographics 2001 ; 21 : S97 S116 . 10.1148/radiographics.21.suppl_1.g01oc12s97 Search in Google Scholar

Shim M, Yang TY, Cho NG, Woo A, Kim E, Park K et al.: Hepatic infarction caused by portal vein thrombophlebitis misdiagnosed as infiltrative hepatic malignancy with neoplastic thrombus. Korean J Gastroenterol 2016; 68: 156–160. Shim M Yang TY Cho NG Woo A Kim E Park K : Hepatic infarction caused by portal vein thrombophlebitis misdiagnosed as infiltrative hepatic malignancy with neoplastic thrombus . Korean J Gastroenterol 2016 ; 68 : 156 160 . 10.4166/kjg.2016.68.3.156 Search in Google Scholar

Jüngst C, Kramer J, Schneider G, Lammert F, Zimmer V: Subacute liver failure by pseudocirrhotic metastatic breast cancer infiltration. Ann Hepatol 2013; 12: 834–836. Jüngst C Kramer J Schneider G Lammert F Zimmer V : Subacute liver failure by pseudocirrhotic metastatic breast cancer infiltration . Ann Hepatol 2013 ; 12 : 834 836 . 10.1016/S1665-2681(19)31329-8 Search in Google Scholar

Young ST, Paulson EK, Washington K, Gulliver DJ, Vredenburgh JJ, Baker ME: CT of the liver in patients with metastatic breast carcinoma treated by chemotherapy: findings simulating cirrhosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1994; 163: 1385–1388. Young ST Paulson EK Washington K Gulliver DJ Vredenburgh JJ Baker ME : CT of the liver in patients with metastatic breast carcinoma treated by chemotherapy: findings simulating cirrhosis . AJR Am J Roentgenol 1994 ; 163 : 1385 1388 . 10.2214/ajr.163.6.79927347992734 Search in Google Scholar

Jha P, Poder L, Wang ZJ, Westphalen AC, Yeh BM, Coakley FV: Radiologic mimics of cirrhosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010; 194: 993–999. Jha P Poder L Wang ZJ Westphalen AC Yeh BM Coakley FV : Radiologic mimics of cirrhosis . AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010 ; 194 : 993 999 . 10.2214/AJR.09.340920308502 Search in Google Scholar

Ochiai T, Sonoyama T, Ichikawa D, Fujiwara H, Okamoto K, Sakakura C et al.: Poor prognostic factors of hepatectomy in patients with resectable small hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2004; 130: 197–202. Ochiai T Sonoyama T Ichikawa D Fujiwara H Okamoto K Sakakura C : Poor prognostic factors of hepatectomy in patients with resectable small hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis . J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2004 ; 130 : 197 202 . 10.1007/s00432-003-0533-814770307 Search in Google Scholar

Lopez RR Jr., Pan SH, Hoffman AL, Ramirez C, Rojter SE, Ramos H et al.: Comparison of transarterial chemoembolization in patients with unresectable, diffuse vs focal hepatocellular carcinoma. Arch Surg 2002; 137: 653–657; discussion 657–658. Lopez RR Jr. Pan SH Hoffman AL Ramirez C Rojter SE Ramos H : Comparison of transarterial chemoembolization in patients with unresectable, diffuse vs focal hepatocellular carcinoma . Arch Surg 2002 ; 137 : 653 657 ; discussion 657–658 . 10.1001/archsurg.137.6.65312049535 Search in Google Scholar

Jang ES, Yoon JH, Chung JW, Cho EJ, Yu SJ, Lee JH et al.: Survival of infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma patients with preserved hepatic function after treatment with transarterial chemoembolization. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013; 139: 635–643. Jang ES Yoon JH Chung JW Cho EJ Yu SJ Lee JH : Survival of infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma patients with preserved hepatic function after treatment with transarterial chemoembolization . J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013 ; 139 : 635 643 . 10.1007/s00432-012-1364-223283527 Search in Google Scholar

Kim SB: Diffuse infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis completely cured by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization: case report with 8-year follow-up. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2016; 10: 623–628. Kim SB : Diffuse infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis completely cured by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization: case report with 8-year follow-up . Case Rep Gastroenterol 2016 ; 10 : 623 628 . 10.1159/000452208512157227920652 Search in Google Scholar

Bruix J, Sherman M, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology 2011; 53: 1020–1022. Bruix J Sherman M , American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update . Hepatology 2011 ; 53 : 1020 1022 . 10.1002/hep.24199308499121374666 Search in Google Scholar

Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, Hilgard P, Gane E, Blanc JF et al.: Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 378–390. Llovet JM Ricci S Mazzaferro V Hilgard P Gane E Blanc JF : Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma . N Engl J Med 2008 ; 359 : 378 390 . 10.1056/NEJMoa070885718650514 Search in Google Scholar

Kim HY, Park JW, Nam BH, Kim HK, Choi JI, Kim TH et al.: Survival of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: sorafenib versus other treatments. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 26: 1612–1618. Kim HY Park JW Nam BH Kim HK Choi JI Kim TH : Survival of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: sorafenib versus other treatments . J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011 ; 26 : 1612 1618 . 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06751.x21517968 Search in Google Scholar

Mehta N, Fidelman N, Sarkar M, Yao FY: Factors associated with outcomes and response to therapy in patients with infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11: 572–578. Mehta N Fidelman N Sarkar M Yao FY : Factors associated with outcomes and response to therapy in patients with infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma . Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013 ; 11 : 572 578 . 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.12.030405289123333661 Search in Google Scholar

Endo Y, Miyamoto M, Koujima T, Watanabe Y, Kawai T, Toda K et al.: [A case of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein invasion successfully treated by sorafenib]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 2012; 39: 963–965. Endo Y Miyamoto M Koujima T Watanabe Y Kawai T Toda K : [A case of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein invasion successfully treated by sorafenib] . Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 2012 ; 39 : 963 965 . Search in Google Scholar

Ray EM, Sanoff HK: Optimal therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and resistance or intolerance to sorafenib: challenges and solutions. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2017; 4: 131–138. Ray EM Sanoff HK : Optimal therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and resistance or intolerance to sorafenib: challenges and solutions . J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2017 ; 4 : 131 138 . 10.2147/JHC.S124366568745329184856 Search in Google Scholar

Marino D, Zichi C, Audisio M, Sperti E, Di Maio M: Second-line treatment options in hepatocellular carcinoma. Drugs Context 2019; 8: 212577. Marino D Zichi C Audisio M Sperti E Di Maio M : Second-line treatment options in hepatocellular carcinoma . Drugs Context 2019 ; 8 : 212577 . 10.7573/dic.212577646974531024634 Search in Google Scholar

Personeni N, Pressiani T, Rimassa L: Cabozantinib in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma failing previous treatment with sorafenib. Future Oncol 2019; 15: 2449–2462. Personeni N Pressiani T Rimassa L : Cabozantinib in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma failing previous treatment with sorafenib . Future Oncol 2019 ; 15 : 2449 2462 . 10.2217/fon-2019-002631204849 Search in Google Scholar

Hsiao P, Hsieh KC, Chen YS, Hsu CC, Lo GH, Li YC et al.: Sorafenib with concurrent multiple-line therapies improves overall survival in advanced stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98: e16074. Hsiao P Hsieh KC Chen YS Hsu CC Lo GH Li YC : Sorafenib with concurrent multiple-line therapies improves overall survival in advanced stage hepatocellular carcinoma . Medicine (Baltimore) 2019 ; 98 : 16074 . 10.1097/MD.0000000000016074663696431232945 Search in Google Scholar

Reghupaty SC, Sarkar D: Current status of gene therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11. Reghupaty SC Sarkar D : Current status of gene therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma . Cancers (Basel) 2019 ; 11 . 10.3390/cancers11091265677084331466358 Search in Google Scholar

eISSN:
2451-070X
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
4 times per year
Journal Subjects:
Medicine, Basic Medical Science, other