<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<p>Congenital megalourethra is abnormal dilation of the penile urethra due to aplasia of erectile tissue, leading to lower urinary tract obstruction. This condition should be considered when fetal penis with typical dilation is seen on prenatal scan. The dilated structure, however, can be easily missed or misinterpreted as the umbilical cord. Perinatal prognosis is poor due to direct consequences on urinary and respiratory systems, or due to severe associated anomalies. A large number of survived cases experience urinary sequelae and renal impairment. We report one case of fetal congenital megalourethra diagnosed at 17 weeks and 6 days of pregnancy.</p>
</abstract>

Congenital megalourethra is abnormal dilation of the penile urethra due to aplasia of erectile tissue, leading to lower urinary tract obstruction. This condition should be considered when fetal penis with typical dilation is seen on prenatal scan. The dilated structure, however, can be easily missed or misinterpreted as the umbilical cord. Perinatal prognosis is poor due to direct consequences on urinary and respiratory systems, or due to severe associated anomalies. A large number of survived cases experience urinary sequelae and renal impairment. We report one case of fetal congenital megalourethra diagnosed at 17 weeks and 6 days of pregnancy.


<div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<sec id="j_jou.2019.0045_s_001" sec-type="introduction">
<div>Introduction</div>
<p>Congenital megalourethra is typically characterized by the aplasia of penile erectile tissue, leading to abnormal dilation of the anterior urethra without structural obstruction<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0045_ref_001">1</a>,<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0045_ref_002">2</a>)</sup>. This terminology was first used in 1955 to describe an infant with abnormally enlarged penis and worsening renal function<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0045_ref_002">2</a>)</sup>. In 1989, Benacerraf <italic>et al</italic>.<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0045_ref_003">3</a>)</sup> diagnosed megalourethra for the first time on fetal ultrasound. Congenital megalourethra is a rare condition. The prevalence is not known since most studies were solely focused on case reports and pathological autopsies<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0045_ref_001">1</a>,<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0045_ref_004">4</a>)</sup>.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="j_jou.2019.0045_s_002" sec-type="case">
<div>Case report</div>
<p>A 31 year-old primigravid pregnant woman with unremarkable history was referred to the Tu Du Hospital, Vietnam, with diagnosis of fetal megacystis detected on routine sonography. Ultrasound scan at 17 weeks 6 days reported the following findings: echogenic kidneys, right pyelectasis (3.6 mm), dilated right ureter (3.2–3.6 mm) (Fig. <a ref-type="fig" href="#j_jou.2019.0045_fig_001">1</a>), left pyelectasis (3.2 mm), dilated urinary bladder (33 × 24 mm) with keyhole sign (Fig. <a ref-type="fig" href="#j_jou.2019.0045_fig_002">2</a>), dorsally curved penis with largely dilated penile urethra (18 × 5 mm) (Fig. <a ref-type="fig" href="#j_jou.2019.0045_fig_003">3</a>). The amniotic fluid volume was normal. No other abnormalities were found. Based on such abnormal sonographic findings, including hydronephrosis, hydroureters, megacystis and dilated penile urethra, we came to a diagnosis of scaphoid congenital megalourethra. After parental counseling, termination of pregnancy proved the prenatal findings (Fig. <a ref-type="fig" href="#j_jou.2019.0045_fig_004">4</a>).</p>
<figure id="j_jou.2019.0045_fig_001" position="float" fig-type="figure">
<h2>Fig. 1.</h2>
<figCaption>
<p>
<bold>A.</bold> <italic>Dilated right renal pelvis</italic> <bold>B.</bold> <italic>dilated right ureter (arrowhead)</italic>
</p>
</figCaption>
<img xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_jou.2019.0045_fig_001.jpg" src="https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64722d8d215d2f6c89dbeb29/j_jou.2019.0045_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240717T215840Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=18000&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240717%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=7f00a0ecfb6d698af7b4f6fdf80b5d05e445294caef93d750ff96b75453e765b" class="mw-100"/>
</figure>
<figure id="j_jou.2019.0045_fig_002" position="float" fig-type="figure">
<h2>Fig. 2.</h2>
<figCaption>
<p>
<bold>A.</bold> <italic>Dilated urinary bladder with the keyhole sign (arrowhead)</italic> <bold>B.</bold> <italic>Two umbilical arteries on color flow Doppler mode</italic>
</p>
</figCaption>
<img xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_jou.2019.0045_fig_002.jpg" src="https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64722d8d215d2f6c89dbeb29/j_jou.2019.0045_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240717T215840Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=18000&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240717%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=36bf281961df8bf782e8d9651bc52b4a92ba8c1ec4c0b6e9c28c8b64fb81a102" class="mw-100"/>
</figure>
<figure id="j_jou.2019.0045_fig_003" position="float" fig-type="figure">
<h2>Fig. 3.</h2>
<figCaption>
<p>
<italic>Cystic penis with dilated penile urethra (the urethral meatus was clearly seen)</italic>
</p>
</figCaption>
<img xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_jou.2019.0045_fig_003.jpg" src="https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64722d8d215d2f6c89dbeb29/j_jou.2019.0045_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240717T215840Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=17999&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240717%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=662131fac1f227d6e5b4e9d64aeecce99efbb364cc43042e273750753331ebc2" class="mw-100"/>
</figure>
<figure id="j_jou.2019.0045_fig_004" position="float" fig-type="figure">
<h2>Fig. 4.</h2>
<figCaption>
<p>
<italic>Post-mortem examination confirmed an enlarged and dorsally curved penis</italic>
</p>
</figCaption>
<img xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="graphic/j_jou.2019.0045_fig_004.jpg" src="https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64722d8d215d2f6c89dbeb29/j_jou.2019.0045_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240717T215840Z&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Expires=18000&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240717%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Signature=e9d619c88629c328d74121a2bf24703e07b010f0e0182152962b085d2b7c3203" class="mw-100"/>
</figure>
</sec>
<sec id="j_jou.2019.0045_s_003" sec-type="discussion">
<div>Discussion</div>
<p>Congenital megalourethra belongs to a group of disorders called lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO). The most common etiologies are structural obstructions such as posterior urethral valve and urethral atresia<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0045_ref_005">5</a>,<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0045_ref_006">6</a>)</sup>. Obstruction in congenital megalourethra, however, is functional rather than structural, hence featuring a different pathogenesis. Malformation occurs early in pregnancy and disrupts the combining process of mesoderm-derived structures including corpus spongiosum on the ventral side and corpus carvenosum on the dorsal side of the penis. This leads to aplasia of the erectile tissue, which normally supports the urethra on micturation. As a result, the penile urethra gradually dilates, causing urine stasis and retrograde obstruction<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0045_ref_002">2</a>,<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0045_ref_004">4</a>,<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0045_ref_007">7</a>)</sup>.</p>
<p>According to Dorairajan and Stephens, congenital megalourethra was morphologically divided into two types<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0045_ref_002">2</a>)</sup>:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item>
<p>Scaphoid type: 80% of cases. The corpus spongiosum is completely or partially absent while the corpus carvenosum is intact, making the penis curved dorsally.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Fusiform type: 20% of cases. Complete aplasia of both corpus spongiosum and corpus carvenosum. The penile urethra is just covered by a thin layer of skin and connective tissue, making the penis a cystic rod-shaped structure. This type has much worse prognosis with high prevalence of associated anomalies.</p>
</list-item>
</list>
<p>All cases were diagnosed prenatally via ultrasound. Most diagnoses were made in the second trimester (86%), followed by third (12%) and first trimester (2%)<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0045_ref_001">1</a>)</sup>. The high rate of detection in the second trimester could be explained by the emergence of complications (megacystis, hydroureters, hydronephrosis, oligohydramnios) or detection of other associated anomalies<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0045_ref_007">7</a>)</sup>.</p>
<p>The rate of live births was reported to be about 60–70%<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0045_ref_001">1</a>,<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0045_ref_002">2</a>)</sup>. Most patients suffered from sequelae such as abnormally large penis, erectile and urinating dysfunction, recurrent urinary tract infection, renal failure, etc.<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0045_ref_004">4</a>,<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0045_ref_007">7</a>)</sup>. Postnatal follow-up revealed that renal impairment rate was up to 42%, with three prenatal risk factors including:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item>
<p>oligohydramnios or anhydramnios,</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>bilateral hydronephrosis, and</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>small fetal age at birth<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0045_ref_001">1</a>)</sup>.</p>
</list-item>
</list>
<p>When congenital megalourethra is suspected on ultrasound, it is necessary to rule out other conditions of similar sonographic presentation, yet much higher prevalence.</p>
<p>Similar presentation of megacystis:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item>
<p>Posterior urethral valve (57%). Approximately 24% of congenital megalourethra cases were, however, accompanied by posterior urethral valve. This should be considered as a concomitant anomaly rather than the direct cause of dilated penile urethra. On the other hand, 12% of isolated congenital megalourethra cases presented the “keyhole sign” on ultrasound, which is specific for posterior urethral valve or urethral atresia. When this sign is detected, a careful examination of the penile urethra to justify a correct diagnosis<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0045_ref_001">1</a>)</sup>;</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Urethra atresia (7%);</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Prune belly syndrome (4%);</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Megacystis-microcolon-intestinal-hypoperistalsis syndrome (1%); and</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>Cloacal anomalies (0.7%)<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0045_ref_008">8</a>)</sup>. Other anomalies of urethral meatus or penile foreskin such as hypospadias and phimosis due to incomplete obstruction at the distal end of urethra, rarely cause urethral dilation. Diagnosis can be made on ultrasound by careful inspection of the penis shape and urethral meatus<sup>(<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_jou.2019.0045_ref_002">2</a>)</sup>.</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</sec>
<sec id="j_jou.2019.0045_s_004" sec-type="conclusion">
<div>Conclusion</div>
<p>In summary, congenital megalourethra is a rare condition with poor prognosis. Isolated cases without severe associated anomalies may have better perinatal outcomes, however long-term life quality is still compromised due to severe sequelae. Along with early diagnosis, ultrasound also provides helpful data for clinicians to prognose, consult and decide the optimal treatment modality for each case.</p>
</sec>
</div>

Prenatal diagnosis of congenital megalourethra in the second trimester of pregnancy

Journal of Ultrasonography

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Congenital megalourethra is abnormal dilation of the penile urethra due to aplasia of erectile tissue, leading to lower urinary tract obstruction. This...

Prenatal diagnosis of congenital megalourethra in the second trimester of pregnancy

Article Category: case-report

Published Online: Dec 31, 2019

Page range: 302 - 304

Received: Jan 20, 2019

Accepted: Mar 29, 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15557/jou.2019.0045

Keywords
prenatal diagnosis, congenital megalourethra, ultrasonography, postmortem

© 2019 Do Duy Anh et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Prenatal diagnosis of congenital megalourethra in the second trimester of pregnancy

Article Category: case-report

Published Online: Dec 31, 2019

Page range: 302 - 304

Received: Jan 20, 2019

Accepted: Mar 29, 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15557/jou.2019.0045

Keywordsprenatal diagnosis, congenital megalourethra, ultrasonography, postmortem

© 2019 Do Duy Anh et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Keywords
prenatal diagnosis, congenital megalourethra, ultrasonography, postmortem