National Guidelines for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis

1. Wollenberg A, Oranje A, Deleuran M, Simon D, Szalai Z, Kunz B, et al. ETFAD/EADV Eczema task force 2015 position paper on diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis in adult and paediatric patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30(5):729-47.10.1111/jdv.13599Search in Google Scholar

2. Williams HC. Clinical practice. Atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(22):2314–24.10.1056/NEJMcp042803Search in Google Scholar

3. Bingefors K, Svensson Å, Isacson D, Lindberg M. Self-reported lifetime prevalence of atopic dermatitis and co-morbidity with asthma and eczema in adulthood: a population-based cross-sectional survey. Acta Derm Venereol. 2013;93(4):438–41.10.2340/00015555-1522Search in Google Scholar

4. Eichenfield LF, Tom WL, Chamlin SL, Feldman SR, Hanifin JM, Simpson EL, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis. Section 1. Diagnosis and assessment of atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;70(2):338-51.10.1016/j.jaad.2013.10.010Search in Google Scholar

5. Schneider L, Tilles S, Lio P, Boguniewicz M, Beck L, LeBovidge J, et al. Atopic dermatitis: a practice parameter update 2012. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131(2):295-9.10.1016/j.jaci.2012.12.672Search in Google Scholar

6. Leung DYM, Eichenfield LF, Boguniewicz M. Atopic Dermatitis (atopic eczema). In: Goldsmith A, Katz S, Gilchrist B, Paller A, Leffell D, Wolff K, editors. Fitzpatrick’s dermatology in general medicine. 8th ed. New York: McGraw Hill Medical; 2012. p. 165-82.Search in Google Scholar

7. Lipozenčić J, Ljubojević S, Gregurić S. Atopijski dermatitis u djece i odraslih [Atopic dermatitis in children and adults]. Acta Med Croatica. 2011;65(2):87-96.Search in Google Scholar

8. Ring J, Alomar A, Bieber T, Deleuran M, Fink-Wagner A, Gelmetti C, et al. Guidelines for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) part I. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2012;26(8):1045–60.10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04635.xSearch in Google Scholar

9. Galli E, Neri I, Ricci G, Baldo E, Barone M, Belloni Fortina A, et al. Consensus Conference on Clinical Management of Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis. Ital J Pediatr. 2016;42:1-25.10.1186/s13052-016-0229-8Search in Google Scholar

10. Wollenberg A, Wetzel S, Burgdorf WH, Haas J. Viral infections in atopic dermatitis: pathogenic aspects and clinical management. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112(4):667–74.10.1016/j.jaci.2003.07.001Search in Google Scholar

11. Wollenberg A, Zoch C, Wetzel S, Plewig G, Przybilla B. Predisposing factors and clinical features of eczema herpeticum: a retrospective analysis of 100 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49(2):198–205.10.1067/S0190-9622(03)00896-XSearch in Google Scholar

12. Darabi K, Hostetler SG, Bechtel MA, Zirwas M. The role of Malassezia in atopic dermatitis affecting the head and neck of adults. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60(1):125–36.10.1016/j.jaad.2008.07.05818834647Search in Google Scholar

13. McPherson T. Current understanding in pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Indian J Dermatol. 2016;61(6):649-55.10.4103/0019-5154.193674Search in Google Scholar

14. Peng W, Novak N. Pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2015;45(3):566–74.10.1111/cea.12495Search in Google Scholar

15. Hanifin JM, Rajka G. Diagnostic features of atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol. 1980;92(Suppl):44–7.Search in Google Scholar

16. Brenninkmeijer EE, Schram ME, Leeflang MM, Bos JD, Spuls PI. Diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol. 2008;158(4):754-65.10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08412.xSearch in Google Scholar

17. Williams HC, Burney PG, Pembroke AC, Hay RJ. The U.K. working party’s diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis. III. Independent hospital validation. Br J Dermatol. 1994;131(3):406-16.10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb08532.xSearch in Google Scholar

18. Eichenfield LF, Tom WL, Chamlin SL, Feldman SR, Hanifin JM, Simpson EL, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 1. Diagnosis and assessment of atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;70(2):338-51.10.1016/j.jaad.2013.10.010Search in Google Scholar

19. Bos JD, Van Leent EJ, Sillevis Smitt JH. The millennium criteria for the diagnosis of atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol. 1998;7(4):132–8.10.1111/j.1600-0625.1998.tb00313.xSearch in Google Scholar

20. Diepgen TL, Sauerbrei W, Fartasch M. Development and validation of diagnostic scores for atopic dermatitis incorporating criteria of data quality and practical usefulness. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996;49(9):1031–8.10.1016/0895-4356(96)00119-9Search in Google Scholar

21. Bieber T, Akdis C, Lauener R, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Schäppi G, et al. Global Allergy Forum and 3rd Davos Declaration 2015: Atopic dermatitis/eczema: challenges and opportunities toward precision medicine. Allergy. 2016;71(5):588-92.10.1111/all.1285727023268Search in Google Scholar

22. Silverberg JI, Nelson DB, Yosipovitch G. Addressing treatment challenges in atopic dermatitis with novel topical therapies. J Dermatolog Treat. 2016;27(6):568-76.10.1080/09546634.2016.117476527165566Search in Google Scholar

23. Paller AS, Mancini AJ. Eczematous eruptions in childhood. In: Paller AS, Mancini AJ, editors. Hurwitz clinical pediatric dermatology. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2006. p. 49-84.Search in Google Scholar

24. Sathishkumar D, Moss C. Topical therapy in atopic dermatitis in children. Indian J Dermatol. 2016;61(6):656-61.10.4103/0019-5154.193677512228227904185Search in Google Scholar

25. Angelova-Fischer I, Neufang G, Jung K, Fischer TW, Zillikens D. A randomized, investigator-blinded efficacy assessment study of stand-alone emollient use in mild to moderately severe atopic dermatitis flares. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014;28 Suppl 3:9-15.10.1111/jdv.1247924702445Search in Google Scholar

26. Mahe YF, Perez MJ, Tacheau C, Fanchon C, Martin R, Rousset F, et al. A new Vitreoscilla filiformis extract grown on spa water-enriched medium activates endogenous cutaneous antioxidant and antimicrobial defenses through a potential Toll-like receptor 2/protein kinase C, zeta transduction pathway. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2013;6:191-6.Search in Google Scholar

27. Bianchi P, Theunis J, Casas C, Villeneuve C, Patrizi A, Phulpin C, et al. Effects of a new emollient-based treatment on skin microflora balance and barrier function in children with mild atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2016;33(2):165-71.10.1111/pde.12786507172627001317Search in Google Scholar

28. Tollefson MM, Bruckner AL, Section on Dermatology. Atopic dermatitis: skin-directed management. Pediatrics. 2014;134(6):e1735–44.10.1542/peds.2014-281225422009Search in Google Scholar

29. Devillers AC, Oranje AP. Efficacy and safety of ‘wet-wrap’ dressings as an intervention treatment in children with severe and/or refractory atopic dermatitis: a critical review of the literature. Br J Dermatol. 2006;154(4):579–85.10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07157.x16536797Search in Google Scholar

30. Wollenberg A, Bieber T. Proactive therapy of atopic dermatitis – an emerging concept. Allergy. 2009;64(2):276-8.10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01803.x19076538Search in Google Scholar

31. Meurer M, Eichenfield LF, Ho V, Potter PC, Werfel T, Hultsch T. Addition of pimecrolimus cream 1% to a topical corticosteroid treatment regimen in paediatric patients with severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind trial. J Dermatolog Treat. 2010;21(3):157-66.10.3109/0954663090341015820394491Search in Google Scholar

32. Schmitt J, von Kobyletzki L, Svensson A, Apfelbacher C. Efficacy and tolerability of proactive treatment with topical corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors for atopic eczema: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164(2):415–28.10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10030.x20819086Search in Google Scholar

33. Wollenberg A, Sidhu MK, Odeyemi I, Dorsch B, Koehne-Volland R, Schaff M, et al. Economic evaluation of maintenance treatment with tacrolimus 0.1% ointment in adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159(6):1322–30.10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08807.x18782316Search in Google Scholar

34. Ruzicka T, Bieber T, Schöpf E, Rubins A, Dobozy A, Bos JD, et al. A short-term trial of tacrolimus ointment for atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(12):816–21.10.1056/NEJM1997091833712039295241Search in Google Scholar

35. Chen SL, Yan J, Wang FS. Two topical calcineurin inhibitors for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in pediatric patients: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Dermatolog Treat. 2010;21(3):144-56.10.3109/0954663090340147020394490Search in Google Scholar

36. Bornhövd EC, Burgdorf WHC, Wollenberg A. Immuno-modulatory macrolactams for topical treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2002;3(5):708–12.Search in Google Scholar

37. Napadow V, Li A, Loggia ML, Kim J, Mawla I, Desbordes G, et al. The imagined itch: brain circuitry supporting nocebo-induced itch in atopic dermatitis patients. Allergy. 2015;70(11):1485-92.10.1111/all.12727Search in Google Scholar

38. Eberlein B, Eicke C, Reinhardt HW, Ring J. Adjuvant treatment of atopic eczema: assessment of an emollient containing N-palmitoylethanolamine (ATOPA study). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008;22(1):73-82.Search in Google Scholar

39. Reimann S, Luger T, Metze D. Topische Anwendung von Capsaicin in der Dermatologie zur Therapie von Juckreiz und Schmerz. Hautarzt. 2000;51(3):164-72.10.1007/s001050051014Search in Google Scholar

40. Drake LA, Fallon JD, Sober A. Relief of pruritus in patients with atopic dermatitis after treatment with topical doxepin cream. The Doxepin Study Group. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;31(4):613-6.10.1016/S0190-9622(94)70225-XSearch in Google Scholar

41. Stevens MT, Edwards AM. The effect of 4% sodium cromoglicate cutaneous emulsion compared to vehicle in atopic dermatitis in children – a meta-analysis of total SCORAD scores. J Dermatolog Treat. 2015;26(3):284–90.10.3109/09546634.2014.93376624916212Search in Google Scholar

42. Nakai K, Yoneda K, Murakami Y, Koura A, Maeda R, Tamai A, et al. Effects of topical N-acetylcysteine on skin hydration/transepidermal water loss in healthy volunteers and atopic dermatitis patients. Ann Dermatol. 2015;27(4):450–1.10.5021/ad.2015.27.4.450453015926273165Search in Google Scholar

43. Silverberg JI, Nelson DB, Yosipovitch G. Addressing treatment challenges in atopic dermatitis with novel topical therapies. J Dermatolog Treat. 2016;27(6):568-76.10.1080/09546634.2016.117476527165566Search in Google Scholar

44. Jarnagin K, Chanda S, Coronado D, Ciaravino V, Zane LT, Guttman-Yassky E, et al. Crisaborole topical ointment, 2%: a nonsteroidal, topical, anti-inflammatory phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor in clinical development for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2016;15(4):390-6.Search in Google Scholar

45. Zane LT, Chanda S, Jarnagin K, Nelson DB, Spelman L, Gold LS. Crisaborole and its potential role in treating atopic dermatitis: overview of early clinical studies. Immunotherapy. 2016;8(8):853-66.10.2217/imt-2016-002327283509Search in Google Scholar

46. Zane LT, Kircik L, Call R, Tschen E, Draelos ZD, Chanda S, et al. Crisaborole topical ointment, 2% in patients ages 2 to 17 years with atopic dermatitis: A Phase 1b, Open-Label, Maximal-Use Systemic Exposure Study. Pediatr Dermatol. 2016;33(4):380–7.10.1111/pde.12872508476127193740Search in Google Scholar

47. Draelos ZD, Stein Gold LF, Murrell DF, Hughes MH, Zane LT. Post hoc analyses of the effect of crisaborole topical ointment, 2% on atopic dermatitis: associated pruritus from phase 1 and 2 clinical studies. J Drugs Dermatol. 2016;15(2):172-6.Search in Google Scholar

48. Bissonnette R, Papp KA, Poulin Y, Gooderham M, Raman M, Mallbris L, et al. Topical tofacitinib for atopic dermatitis: a phase 2a randomized trial. Br J Dermatol. 2016;175(5):902-11.10.1111/bjd.1487127423107Search in Google Scholar

49. Jacob SE, Castanedo-Tardan MP. Pharmacotherapy for allergic contact dermatitis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007;8(16):2757-74.10.1517/14656566.8.16.275717956197Search in Google Scholar

50. De Benedetto A, Agnihothri R, McGirt LY, Bankova LG, Beck LA. Atopic dermatitis: a disease caused by innate immune defects? J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129(1):14-30.10.1038/jid.2008.25919078985Search in Google Scholar

51. Niebuhr M, Werfel T. Innate immunity, allergy and atopic dermatitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;10(5):463-8.10.1097/ACI.0b013e32833e316320720487Search in Google Scholar

52. Darabi K, Hostetler SG, Bechtel MA, Zirwas M. The role of Malassezia in atopic dermatitis affecting the head and neck of adults. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60(1):125-36.10.1016/j.jaad.2008.07.05818834647Search in Google Scholar

53. Mayser P, Kupfer J, Nemetz D, Schäfer U, Nilles M, Hort W, et al. Treatment of head and neck dermatitis with ciclopiroxolamine cream - results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2006;19(3):153-9.10.1159/00009259616612143Search in Google Scholar

54. Legat FJ, Wolf P. Cutaneous sensory nerves: mediators of phototherapeutic effects? Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2009;14:4921-31.Search in Google Scholar

55. Gambichler T, Kreuter A, Tomi NS, Othlinghaus N, Altmeyer P, Skrygan M. Gene expression of cytokines in atopic eczema before and after ultraviolet A1 phototherapy. Br J Dermatol. 2008;158(5):1117–20.10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08498.x18363757Search in Google Scholar

56. Hong SP, Kim MJ, Jung MY, Jeon H, Goo J, Ahn SK, et al. Biopositive effects of low-dose UVB on epidermis: coordinate upregulation of antimicrobial peptides and permeability barrier reinforcement. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128(12):2880-7.10.1038/jid.2008.16918580964Search in Google Scholar

57. Hoare C, Li Wan Po A, Williams H. Systematic review of treatments for atopic eczema. Health Technol Assess. 2000;4(37):1–191.10.3310/hta4370Search in Google Scholar

58. Berth-Jones J, Takwale A, Tan E, Barclay G, Agarwal S, Ahmed I, et al. Azathioprine in severe adult atopic dermatitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147(2):324–30.10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04989.x12174106Search in Google Scholar

59. Nomura T, Kabashima K. Advances in atopic dermatitis in 2015. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(6):1548-55.10.1016/j.jaci.2016.10.00427931536Search in Google Scholar

60. Simpson EL, Bieber T, Guttman-Yassky E, Beck LA, Blauvelt A, Cork MJ, et al. Two phase 3 trials of dupilumab versus placebo in atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375(24):2335-48.10.1056/NEJMoa161002027690741Search in Google Scholar

61. McNally NJ, Williams HC, Phillips DR, Smallman-Raynor M, Lewis S, Venn A, et al. Atopic eczema and domestic water hardness. Lancet. 1998;352(9127):527-31.10.1016/S0140-6736(98)01402-0Search in Google Scholar

62. Horimukai K, Morita K, Narita M, Kondo M, Kitazawa H, Nozaki M, et al. Application of moisturizer to neonates prevents development of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(4):824-30.10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.06025282564Search in Google Scholar

63. Epstein TG, Bernstein DI, Levin L, Khurana Hershey GK, Ryan PH, Reponen T, et al. Opposing effects of cat and dog ownership and allergic sensitization on eczema in an atopic birth cohort. J Pediatr. 2011;158(2):265-71.10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.07.026491050820884006Search in Google Scholar

64. Bindslev-Jensen C. Standardization of double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenges. Allergy. 2001;56 Suppl 67:75–7.10.1111/j.1398-9995.2001.00922.x11298015Search in Google Scholar

65. Bath-Hextall F, Delamere FM, Williams HC. Dietary exclusions for improving established atopic eczema in adults and children: systematic review. Allergy. 2009;64(2):258–64.10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01917.x19178405Search in Google Scholar

66. Saeki H, Nakahara T, Tanaka A, Kabashima K, Sugaya M, Murota H, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Atopic Dermatitis 2016. J Dermatol. 2016;43(10):1117-45.10.1111/1346-8138.1339227076388Search in Google Scholar

67. Madhok V, Futamura M, Thomas KS, Barbarot S. What’s new in atopic eczema? An analysis of systematic reviews published in 2012 and 2013. Part 2. Treatment and prevention. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2015;40(4):349-54.10.1111/ced.1259125622761Search in Google Scholar

68. Foolad N, Brezinski EA, Chase EP, Armstrong AW. Effect of nutrient supplementation on atopic dermatitis in children: a systematic review of probiotics, prebiotics, formula, and fatty acids. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149(3):350–5.10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.149523682371Search in Google Scholar