No Definite Evidence for Human Endogenous Retroviral HERV-W and HERV-H RNAS in Plasma of Latvian Patients Suffering from Multiple Sclerosis and Other Neurological Diseases / Nav Apstiprinošu Pierādījumu Par Endogēno Retrovīrusu HERV-W Un HERV-H Rns Sastopamību Latvijas Pacientu Ar Multiplo Sklerozi Un Citām NeiroloĢiskām Slimībām Asins Plazmā

Altschul, S. F., Madden, T. L., Schaffer, A. A., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Miller, W., Lipman, D. J. (1997). Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: A new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res., 25 (17), 3389-3402. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9254694 (accessed 27.05.2016).Search in Google Scholar

Alvarez-Lafuente, R., Garcia-Montojo, M., De Las Heras, V., Dominguez- Mozo, M. I., Bartolome, M., Benito-Martin, M. S., Arroyo, R. (2008). Herpesviruses and human endogenous retroviral sequences in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients. Mult. Scler., 14 (5), 595-601.10.1177/135245850708642518566025Search in Google Scholar

Andersson, A. C., Yun, Z., Sperber, G. O., Larsson, E., Blomberg, J. (2005). ERV3 and related sequences in humans: Structure and RNA expression. J. Virol., 79 (14), 9270-9284.10.1128/JVI.79.14.9270-9284.2005116876615994821Search in Google Scholar

Antony, J. M., Izad, M., Bar-Or, A., Warren, K. G., Vodjgani, M., Mallet, F., Power, C. (2006). Quantitative analysis of human endogenous retrovirus- W env in neuroinflammatory diseases. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 22 (12), 1253-1259.10.1089/aid.2006.22.125317209768Search in Google Scholar

Antony, J. M., Zhu, Y., Izad, M., Warren, K. G., Vodjgani, M., Mallet, F., Power, C. (2007). Comparative expression of human endogenous retrovirus- W genes in multiple sclerosis. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 23 (10), 1251-1256.10.1089/aid.2006.027417961112Search in Google Scholar

Arias, M., Fan, H. (2014). The saga of XMRV: A virus that infects human cells but is not a human virus. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 3 (4), e.10.1038/emi.2014.40405136726039656Search in Google Scholar

Arru, G., Leoni, S., Pugliatti, M., Mei, A., Serra, C., Delogu, L. G., Manetti, R., Dolei, A., Sotgiu, S., Mameli, G. (2014). Natalizumab inhibits the expression of human endogenous retroviruses of the W family in multiple sclerosis patients: A longitudinal cohort study. Mult. Scler., 20 (2), 174-182.10.1177/135245851349495723877972Search in Google Scholar

Arru, G., Mameli, G., Astone, V., Serra, C., Huang, Y. M., Link, H., Fainardi, E., Castellazzi, M., Granieri, E., Fernandez, M., Villoslada, P., Fois, M. L., Sanna, A., Rosati, G., Dolei, A., Sotgiu, S. (2007). Multiple Sclerosis and HERV-W/MSRV: A Multicentric Study. Int. J. Biomed. Sci., 3 (4), 292-297.Search in Google Scholar

Asbury, A. K., Cornblath, D. R. (1990). Assessment of current diagnostic criteria for Guillain-Barre syndrome. Ann. Neurol., 27 Suppl., S21-24. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2194422 (accessed 27.05.2016).Search in Google Scholar

Balaj, L., Lessard, R., Dai, L., Cho, Y. J., Pomeroy, S. L., Breakefield, X. O., Skog, J. (2011). Tumour microvesicles contain retrotransposon elements and amplified oncogene sequences. Nat. Commun., 2, 180.10.1038/ncomms1180304068321285958Search in Google Scholar

Balestrieri, E., Pica, F., Matteucci, C., Zenobi, R., Sorrentino, R., Argaw- Denboba, A., Cipriani, C., Bucci, I., Sinibaldi-Vallebona, P. (2015). Transcriptional activity of human endogenous retroviruses in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Biomed. Res. Int., 2015, 164529.Search in Google Scholar

Blomberg, J., Ushameckis, D., Jern, P. (2005). Evolutionary aspects of human endogenous retroviral sequences (HERVs) and disease. In: Sverdlov, E. D. (Ed.). Retroviruses and Primate Genome Evolution. Landes Bioscience, Austin, TX, USA, pp. 204-238.Search in Google Scholar

Bronson, D. L., Fraley, E. E., Fogh, J., Kalter, S. S. (1979). Induction of retrovirus particles in human testicular tumor (Tera-1) cell cultures: An electron microscopic study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 63 (2), 337-339. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/287828 (accessed 27.05.2016).Search in Google Scholar

Bustin, S. A., Benes, V., Garson, J. A., Hellemans, J., Huggett, J., Kubista, M., . . . Wittwer, C. T. (2009). The MIQE guidelines: Minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments. Clin. Chem., 55 (4), 611-622.10.1373/clinchem.2008.11279719246619Search in Google Scholar

Chomczynski, P., Mackey, K. (1995). Substitution of chloroform by bromo-chloropropane in the single-step method of RNA isolation. Anal. Biochem., 225 (1), 163-164.10.1006/abio.1995.11267539982Search in Google Scholar

Christensen, T. (2005). Association of human endogenous retroviruses with multiple sclerosis and possible interactions with herpes viruses. Rev. Med. Virol., 15 (3), 179-211.10.1002/rmv.46515782388Search in Google Scholar

Christensen, T., Dissing Sorensen, P., Riemann, H., Hansen, H. J., Munch, M., Haahr, S., Moller-Larsen, A. (2000). Molecular characterization of HERV-H variants associated with multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol. Scand., 101 (4), 229-238.10.1034/j.1600-0404.2000.101004229.x10770518Search in Google Scholar

Christensen, T., Jensen, A. W., Munch, M., Haahr, S., Sorensen, P. D., Riemann, H., Hansen, H. J., Moller-Larsen, A. (1997). Characterization of retroviruses from patients with multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol. Scand. Suppl., 169, 49-58.10.1111/j.1600-0404.1997.tb08150.x9174640Search in Google Scholar

Christensen, T., Pedersen, L., Sorensen, P. D., Moller-Larsen, A. (2002). A transmissible human endogenous retrovirus. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 18 (12), 861-866.10.1089/0889222026019034412201909Search in Google Scholar

Christensen, T., Tonjes, R. R., zur Megede, J., Boller, K., Moller-Larsen, A. (1999). Reverse transcriptase activity and particle production in B lymphoblastoid cell lines established from lymphocytes of patients with multiple sclerosis. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 15 (3), 285-291.10.1089/08892229931146610052759Search in Google Scholar

Compston, A., Coles, A. (2008). Multiple sclerosis. Lancet, 372 (9648), 1502-1517.Search in Google Scholar

Contreras-Galindo, R., Kaplan, M. H., Leissner, P., Verjat, T., Ferlenghi, I., Bagnoli, F., Dosik, M.. H., Hayes, D. F., Gitlin, S. D., Markovitz, D. M. (2008). Human endogenous retrovirus K (HML-2) elements in the plasma of people with lymphoma and breast cancer. J. Virol., 82 (19), 9329-9336.10.1128/JVI.00646-08254696818632860Search in Google Scholar

Cooper, A., Poinar, H. N. (2000). Ancient DNA: Do it right or not at all. Science, 289 (5482), 1139.10.1126/science.289.5482.1139b10970224Search in Google Scholar

de Villiers, J. N., Treurnicht, F. K., Warnich, L., Carr, J., van Rensburg, S. J., Kotze, M. J. (2006). Analysis of viral and genetic factors in South African patients with multiple sclerosis. Metab. Brain Dis., 21 (2-3), 163-169.10.1007/s11011-006-9016-316865539Search in Google Scholar

Diem, O., Schaffner, M., Seifarth, W., Leib-Mosch, C. (2012). Influence of antipsychotic drugs on human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) transcription in brain cells. PLoS One, 7 (1), e30054.10.1371/journal.pone.0030054325620622253875Search in Google Scholar

Dolei, A., Serra, C., Mameli, G., Pugliatti, M., Sechi, G., Cirotto, M. C., Rosati, G., Sotgiu, S. (2002). Multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus (MSRV) in Sardinian MS patients. Neurology, 58 (3), 471-473.10.1212/WNL.58.3.471Search in Google Scholar

El-Hefnawy, T., Raja, S., Kelly, L., Bigbee, W. L., Kirkwood, J. M., Luketich, J. D., Godfrey, T. E. (2004). Characterization of amplifiable, circulating RNA in plasma and its potential as a tool for cancer diagnostics. Clin. Chem., 50 (3), 564-573.10.1373/clinchem.2003.02850614718398Search in Google Scholar

Elfaitouri, A., Shao, X., Mattsson Ulfstedt, J., Muradrasoli, S., Bolin Wiener, A., Golbob, S., Ohrmalm, C., Matousek, M., Zachrisson, O., Gottfries, C. G., Blomberg, J. (2011). Murine gammaretrovirus group G3 was not found in Swedish patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. PLoS One, 6 (10), e24602.10.1371/journal.pone.0024602Search in Google Scholar

Flockerzi, A., Maydt, J., Frank, O., Ruggieri, A., Maldener, E., Seifarth, W., Medstrand, P., Lengauer, T., Meyerhans, A., Leib-Mösch, C., Meese, E., Mayer, J. (2007). Expression pattern analysis of transcribed HERV sequences is complicated by ex vivo recombination. Retrovirology, 4, 39.10.1186/1742-4690-4-39Search in Google Scholar

Forsman, A., Yun, Z., Hu, L., Uzhameckis, D., Jern, P., Blomberg, J. (2005). Development of broadly targeted human endogenous gammaretroviral pol-based real time PCRs Quantitation of RNA expression in human tissues. J. Virol. Methods, 129 (1), 16-30.10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.04.016Search in Google Scholar

Forsman, A., Uzameckis, D., Ronnblom, L., Baecklund, E., Aleskog, A., Bindra, A., Pipkorn, R., Lejniece, S., Kozireva, S., Murovska, M., Blomberg, J. (2003). Single-tube nested quantitative PCR: A rational and sensitive technique for detection of retroviral DNA. Application to RERV-H/HRV-5 and confirmation of its rabbit origin. J. Virol. Methods, 111 (1), 1-11.Search in Google Scholar

Freeman, G. H., Halton, J. H. (1951). Note on an exact treatment of contingency, goodness of fit and other problems of significance. Biometrika, 38 (1-2), 141-149. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14848119 (accessed 27.05.2016).Search in Google Scholar

Froussard, P. (1995). Is LM7 a new human retrovirus or a mycoplasma virion? Mult. Scler., 1 (2), 88-94.Search in Google Scholar

Garcia-Montojo, M., de la Hera, B., Varade, J., de la Encarnacion, A., Camacho, I., Dominguez-Mozo, M., Árias-Leal, A., García-Martínez, A., Casanova, I., Izquierdo, G., Lucas, M., Fedetz, M., Alcina, A., Arroyo, R., Matesanz, F., Urcelay, E. Alvarez-Lafuente, R. (2014). HERV-W polymorphism in chromosome X is associated with multiple sclerosis risk and with differential expression of MSRV. Retrovirology, 11, 2.10.1186/1742-4690-11-2Search in Google Scholar

Garcia-Montojo, M., Dominguez-Mozo, M., Arias-Leal, A., Garcia-Martinez, A., De las Heras, V., Casanova, I., Faucard, R., Gehin, N., Madeira, A., Arroyo, R., Curtin, F., Alvarez-Lafuente, R., Perron, H. (2013). The DNA copy number of human endogenous retrovirus-W (MSRV-type) is increased in multiple sclerosis patients and is influenced by gender and disease severity. PLoS One, 8 (1), e53623.10.1371/journal.pone.0053623Search in Google Scholar

Garson, J. A., Tuke, P. W., Giraud, P., Paranhos-Baccala, G., Perron, H. (1998). Detection of virion-associated MSRV-RNA in serum of patients with multiple sclerosis. Lancet, 351 (9095), 33.10.1016/S0140-6736(98)24001-3Search in Google Scholar

Gefrides, L. A., Powell, M. C., Donley, M. A., Kahn, R. (2010). UV irradiation and autoclave treatment for elimination of contaminating DNA from laboratory consumables. Forensic Sci. Int. Genet., 4 (2), 89-94.10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.06.00820129466Search in Google Scholar

Gifford, R., Tristem, M. (2003). The evolution, distribution and diversity of endogenous retroviruses. Virus Genes, 26 (3), 291-315.10.1023/A:1024455415443Search in Google Scholar

Greijer, A. E., Dekkers, C. A., Middeldorp, J. M. (2000). Human cytomegalovirus virions differentially incorporate viral and host cell RNA during the assembly process. J. Virol., 74 (19), 9078-9082. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10982353 (accessed 27.05.2016).Search in Google Scholar

Griffiths, D. J., Voisset, C., Venables, P. J., Weiss, R. A. (2002). Novel endogenous retrovirus in rabbits previously reported as human retrovirus 5. J. Virol., 76 (14), 7094-7102.10.1128/JVI.76.14.7094-7102.2002Search in Google Scholar

Haahr, S., Sommerlund, M., Christensen, T., Jensen, A. W., Hansen, H. J., Moller-Larsen, A. (1994). A putative new retrovirus associated with multiple sclerosis and the possible involvement of Epstein-Barr virus in this disease. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 724, 148-156.10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb38903.x7518205Search in Google Scholar

Hasselmann, D. O., Rappl, G., Tilgen, W., Reinhold, U. (2001). Extracellular tyrosinase mRNA within apoptotic bodies is protected from degradation in human serum. Clin. Chem., 47 (8), 1488-1489. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11468248 (accessed 27.05.2016).Search in Google Scholar

Jern, P., Sperber, G. O., Ahlsen, G., Blomberg, J. (2005). Sequence variability, gene structure, and expression of full-length human endogenous retrovirus H. J. Virol., 79 (10), 6325-6337.10.1128/JVI.79.10.6325-6337.2005109171715858016Search in Google Scholar

Jern, P., Sperber, G. O., Blomberg, J. (2004). Definition and variation of human endogenous retrovirus H. Virology, 327 (1), 93-110.10.1016/j.virol.2004.06.02315327901Search in Google Scholar

Kamm, R. C., Smith, A. G. (1972). Nucleic acid concentrations in normal human plasma. Clin. Chem., 18 (6), 519-522. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5026765 (accessed 27.05.2016).Search in Google Scholar

Kim, H. S. (2001). Sequence and phylogeny of HERV-W pol fragments. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 17 (17), 1665-1671.10.1089/08892220175334208611779355Search in Google Scholar

Knapp, M., Clarke, A. C., Horsburgh, K. A., Matisoo-Smith, E. A. (2012). Setting the stage - building and working in an ancient DNA laboratory. Ann. Anat., 194 (1), 3-6.10.1016/j.aanat.2011.03.00821514120Search in Google Scholar

Komurian-Pradel, F., Paranhos-Baccala, G., Bedin, F., Ounanian-Paraz, A., Sodoyer, M., Ott, C., Rajoharison, A., Garcia, E., Mallet, F., Mandrand, B., Perron, H. (1999). Molecular cloning and characterization of MSRV-related sequences associated with retrovirus-like particles. Virology, 260 (1), 1-9.10.1006/viro.1999.979210405350Search in Google Scholar

Kurtzke, J. F. (2000). Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis. Does this really point towards an etiology? Neurol. Sci, 21, 383-403.Search in Google Scholar

Lander, E. S., Linton, L. M., Birren, B., Nusbaum, C., Zody, M. C., Baldwin, J., ... International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001). Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature, 409 (6822), 860-921.Search in Google Scholar

Laufer, G., Mayer, J., Mueller, B. F., Mueller-Lantzsch, N., Ruprecht, K. (2009). Analysis of transcribed human endogenous retrovirus W env loci clarifies the origin of multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus env sequences. Retrovirology, 6, 37.10.1186/1742-4690-6-37267207519368703Search in Google Scholar

Leonard, J. A., Shanks, O., Hofreiter, M., Kreuz, E., Hodges, L., Ream, W., Wayne, R. K., Fleischer, R. C. (2007). Animal DNA in PCR reagents plagues ancient DNA research. J. Archaeol. Sci., 34 (9), 1361-1366.10.1016/j.jas.2006.10.023Search in Google Scholar

Liggett, T., Melnikov, A., Tilwalli, S., Yi, Q., Chen, H., Replogle, C., Feng, X., Reder, A., Stefoski, D., Balabanov, R., Levenson, V. (2010). Methylation patterns of cell-free plasmaDNAin relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Sci., 290 (1-2), 16-21.10.1016/j.jns.2009.12.018281507820064646Search in Google Scholar

Lindeskog, M., Medstrand, P., Cunningham, A. A., Blomberg, J. (1998). Coamplification and dispersion of adjacent human endogenous retroviral HERV-H and HERV-E elements; presence of spliced hybrid transcripts in normal leukocytes. Virology, 244 (1), 219-229.10.1006/viro.1998.91069581793Search in Google Scholar

Liu, C., Chen, Y., Li, S., Yu, H., Zeng, J., Wang, X., Zhu, F. (2013). Activation of elements in HERV-W family by caffeine and aspirin. Virus Genes, 47 (2), 219-227.10.1007/s11262-013-0939-623813246Search in Google Scholar

Lo, Y. M., Chan, K. C. (2006). Setting up a polymerase chain reaction laboratory. Methods Mol. Biol., 336, 11-18.10.1385/1-59745-074-X:11Search in Google Scholar

Longo, M. C., Berninger, M. S., Hartley, J. L. (1990). Use of uracil DNA glycosylase to control carry-over contamination in polymerase chain reactions. Gene, 93 (1), 125-128.10.1016/0378-1119(90)90145-HSearch in Google Scholar

Munch, M., Moller-Larsen, A., Christensen, T., Morling, N., Hansen, H. J., Haahr, S. (1995). B-lymphoblastoid cell lines from multiple sclerosis patients and a healthy control producing a putative new human retrovirus and Epstein-Barr virus. Mult. Scler., 1 (2), 78-81.10.1177/135245859500100204Search in Google Scholar

Muralidharan-Chari, V., Clancy, J., Plou, C., Romao, M., Chavrier, P., Raposo, G., D'Souza-Schorey, C. (2009). ARF6-regulated shedding of tumor cell-derived plasma membrane microvesicles. Curr. Biol., 19 (22), 1875-1885.10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.059Search in Google Scholar

Nellaker, C., Li, F., Uhrzander, F., Tyrcha, J., Karlsson, H. (2009). Expression profiling of repetitive elements by melting temperature analysis: Variation in HERV-W gag expression across human individuals and tissues. BMC Genomics, 10, 532.10.1186/1471-2164-10-532Search in Google Scholar

Nowak, J., Januszkiewicz, D., Pernak, M., Liwen, I., Zawada, M., Rembowska, J., Nowicka, K., Lewandowski, K., Hertmanowska, H.,Wender, M. (2003). Multiple sclerosis-associated virus-related pol sequences found both in multiple sclerosis and healthy donors are more frequently expressed in multiple sclerosis patients. J. Neurovirol., 9 (1), 112-117.10.1080/13550280390173355Search in Google Scholar

Ou, C. Y., Moore, J. L., Schochetman, G. (1991). Use of UV irradiation to reduce false positivity in polymerase chain reaction. Biotechniques, 10 (4), 442, 444, 446.Search in Google Scholar

Perron, H., Garson, J. A., Bedin, F., Beseme, F., Paranhos-Baccala, G., Komurian-Pradel, F., Mallet, F., Tuke, P. W., Voisset, C., Blond, J. L., Lalande, B., Seigneurin, J. M., Mandrand, B. (1997). Molecular identification of a novel retrovirus repeatedly isolated from patients with multiple sclerosis. The Collaborative Research Group on Multiple Sclerosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94 (14), 7583-7588.10.1073/pnas.94.14.7583Search in Google Scholar

Perron, H., Geny, C., Laurent, A., Mouriquand, C., Pellat, J., Perret, J., Seigneurin, J. M. (1989). Leptomeningeal cell line from multiple sclerosis with reverse transcriptase activity and viral particles. Res. Virol., 140 (6), 551-561.10.1016/S0923-2516(89)80141-4Search in Google Scholar

Perron, H., Lalande, B., Gratacap, B., Laurent, A., Genoulaz, O., Geny, C., Mallaret, M., Schuller, E., Stoebner, P., Seigneurin, J. M. (1991). Isolation of retrovirus from patients with multiple sclerosis. Lancet, 337 (8745), 862-863.Search in Google Scholar

Perron, H., Perin, J. P., Rieger, F., Alliel, P. M. (2000). Particle-associated retroviral RNA and tandem RGH/HERV-W copies on human chromosome 7q: Possible components of a 'chain-reaction' triggered by infectious agents in multiple sclerosis? J. Neurovirol., 6 (Suppl 2), S67-75.Search in Google Scholar

Polman, C. H., Reingold, S. C., Edan, G., Filippi, M., Hartung, H. P., Kappos, L., Lublin, F. D., Metz, L. M., McFarland, H. F., O'Connor, P. W., Sandberg-Wollheim, M., Thompson, A. J., Weinshenker, B. G., Wolinsky, J. S. (2005). Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revisions to the “McDonald Criteria”. Ann. Neurol., 58 (6), 840-846.10.1002/ana.2070316283615Search in Google Scholar

Pruvost, M., Grange, T., Geigl, E. M. (2005). Minimizing DNA contamination by using UNG-coupled quantitative real-time PCR on degraded DNA samples: Application to ancient DNA studies. Biotechniques, 38 (4), 569-575.10.2144/05384ST0315884675Search in Google Scholar

Pugliatti, M., Rosati, G., Carton, H., Riise, T., Drulovic, J., Vecsei, L., Milanov, I. (2006). The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Europe. Eur. J. Neurol., 13 (7), 700-722.10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01342.x16834700Search in Google Scholar

Schmitt, K., Richter, C., Backes, C., Meese, E., Ruprecht, K., Mayer, J. (2013). Comprehensive analysis of human endogenous retrovirus group HERV-W locus transcription in multiple sclerosis brain lesions by high-throughput amplicon sequencing. J. Virol., 87 (24), 13837-13852.10.1128/JVI.02388-13383825724109235Search in Google Scholar

Sciortino, M. T., Suzuki, M., Taddeo, B., Roizman, B. (2001). RNAs extracted from herpes simplex virus 1 virions: Apparent selectivity of viral but not cellular RNAs packaged in virions. J. Virol., 75 (17), 8105-8116. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11483756 (accessed 27.05.2016).Search in Google Scholar

Seifarth, W., Skladny, H., Krieg-Schneider, F., Reichert, A., Hehlmann, R., Leib-Mosch, C. (1995). Retrovirus-like particles released from the human breast cancer cell line T47-D display type B- and C-related endogenous retroviral sequences. J Virol, 69 (10), 6408-6416. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7545247 (accessed 27.05.2016).Search in Google Scholar

Serra, C., Sotgiu, S., Mameli, G., Pugliatti, M., Rosati, G., Dolei, A. (2001). Multiple sclerosis and multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus in Sardinia. Neurol. Sci., 22 (2), 171-173.10.1007/s10072017001911603622Search in Google Scholar

Shah, K. V. (2007). SV40 and human cancer: A review of recent data. Int. J. Cancer, 120 (2), 215-223.10.1002/ijc.2242517131333Search in Google Scholar

Siegel, S. R., Mackenzie, J., Chaplin, G., Jablonski, N. G., Griffiths, L. (2012). Circulating microRNAs involved in multiple sclerosis. Mol. Biol. Rep., 39 (5), 6219-6225.10.1007/s11033-011-1441-722231906Search in Google Scholar

Soper, D. S. (2015). Fisher's Exact Test Calculator for a 3X3 Contingency Table [Software]. Available at: http://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc (accessed 27.05.2016).Search in Google Scholar

Sperber, G., Lovgren, A., Eriksson, N. E., Benachenhou, F., Blomberg, J. (2009). RetroTector online, a rational tool for analysis of retroviral elements in small and medium size vertebrate genomic sequences. BMC Bioinformatics, 10 (Suppl 6), S4.10.1186/1471-2105-10-S6-S4269765119534753Search in Google Scholar

Sperber, G. O., Airola, T., Jern, P., Blomberg, J. (2007). Automated recognition of retroviral sequences in genomic data-RetroTector. Nucleic Acids Res., 35 (15), 4964-4976.10.1093/nar/gkm515197644417636050Search in Google Scholar

Tamariz, J., Voynarovska, K., Prinz, M., Caragine, T. (2006). The application of ultraviolet irradiation to exogenous sources of DNA in plasticware and water for the amplification of low copy number DNA. J. Forensic Sci., 51 (4), 790-794.10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00172.x16882220Search in Google Scholar

Thery, C., Amigorena, S., Raposo, G., Clayton, A. (2006). Isolation and characterization of exosomes from cell culture supernatants and biological fluids. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol., Chapt. 3, Unit 3 22.10.1002/0471143030.cb0322s3018228490Search in Google Scholar

Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G., Gibson, T. J. (1994). CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res., 22 (22), 4673-4680. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7984417 (accessed 27.05.2016).Search in Google Scholar

Tristem, M. (2000). Identification and characterization of novel human endogenous retrovirus families by phylogenetic screening of the human genome mapping project database. J. Virol., 74 (8), 3715-3730.10.1128/JVI.74.8.3715-3730.200011188110729147Search in Google Scholar

Tuke, P. W., Perron, H., Bedin, F., Beseme, F., Garson, J. A. (1997). Development of a pan-retrovirus detection system for multiple sclerosis studies. Acta Neurol. Scand. Suppl., 169, 16-21. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9174636 (accessed 27.05.2016).Search in Google Scholar

Unger, M., Wettergren, A., Clausen, J. (1985). Characterization of DNA and RNA in circulating immunocomplexes in multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and normal controls. Acta Neurol. Scand., 72 (4), 392-396. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2417439 (accessed 27.05.2016).Search in Google Scholar

Vandesompele, J., De Preter, K., Pattyn, F., Poppe, B., Van Roy, N., De Paepe, A., Speleman, F. (2002). Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes. Genome Biol., 3 (7), RESEARCH0034. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12184808 (accessed 27.05.2016).Search in Google Scholar

Wieczorek, A. J., Rhyner, C., Block, L. H. (1985). Isolation and characterization of an RNA-proteolipid complex associated with the malignant state in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82 (10), 3455-3459. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2582412 (accessed 27.05.2016).Search in Google Scholar

Wieczorek, A. J., Sitaramam, V., Machleidt, W., Rhyner, K., Perruchoud, A. P., Block, L. H. (1987). Diagnostic and prognostic value of RNA-proteolipid in sera of patients with malignant disorders following therapy: First clinical evaluation of a novel tumor marker. Cancer Res., 47 (23), 6407-6412. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2445471 (accessed 27.05.2016). Search in Google Scholar