Open Access

Simpson’s Paradox in the interpretation of “leaky pipeline” data


Cite

[1] Albers, C. J. (2015). Dutch research funding, gender bias, and Simpson’s paradox. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (50), E6828-E682910.1073/pnas.1518936112Search in Google Scholar

[2] Anderson, S. R., Auquier, A., Hauck, W. W., Oakes, D., Vandaele, W. & Weisberg, H. I. (2009). Statistical methods for comparative studies: techniques for bias reduction, John Wiley & SonsSearch in Google Scholar

[3] Bickel, P. J., Hammel, E. A. & O’Connell, J. W. (1975) Sex bias in graduate admissions: Data from Berkeley. Science, 187, 398-40410.1126/science.187.4175.398Search in Google Scholar

[4] Conroy, L., Watt, E. & Smith, W. Is there a ‘Leaky Pipeline for Women in Clinical Medical Physics in Canada? World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, June 7-12, 2015, Toronto, Canada, 2015. Springer International Publishing.,1669-167210.1007/978-3-319-19387-8_406Search in Google Scholar

[5] Fenton, N., Neil, M. & Constantinou, A. (2015). Simpson’s Paradox and the implications for medical trials. http://www.eecs.qmul.ac.uk/~norman/papers/simpson.pdf (accessed October 1st, 2016)Search in Google Scholar

[6] Jensen, J. L., Neeley, S., Hatch, J.B. & Piorczynski, T. 2015. Learning Scientific Reasoning Skills May be Key to Retention in Science Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory and Pracitce, 152102511561161610.1177/1521025115611616Search in Google Scholar

[7] McAllister, D., Juillerat, J. & Hunter, J. (2016). Funding: What stops women getting more grants? Nature, 529, 466-46610.1038/529466dSearch in Google Scholar

[8] Moss-Racusin, C. A., Dovidio, J. F., Brescoll, V. L., Graham, M. J. & Handelsmann, J. (2012). Science faculty’s subtle gender biases favour male students. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(41), 16474-1647910.1073/pnas.1211286109Search in Google Scholar

[9] Norton, H. J. & Divine, G. (2015). Simpson’s paradox…and how to avoid it. Significance, 12(4), 40-4310.1111/j.1740-9713.2015.00844.xSearch in Google Scholar

[10] Pearl, J. (2014). Comment: Understanding Simpson’s Paradox. The American Statistician, 68(1), 8-1310.1080/00031305.2014.876829Search in Google Scholar

[11] Pearl, J. (2009). Causality. Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511803161Search in Google Scholar

[12] Shaik, F. & Fusulier, B. (2015). Academic Careers and Gender Inequality: Leaky Pipeline and Interrelated Phenomena in Seven European Countries. http://garciaproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/GARCIA_working_paper_5.pdf (accessed October 15th, 2016)Search in Google Scholar

[13] Simpson, E. H. (1951). The interpretation of interaction in contingency tables. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 13(2), 238-241Search in Google Scholar

[14] Valian, V. (1999). Why so slow? The advancement of women. MIT press10.7551/mitpress/7235.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

[15] Van Der Lee, R. & Ellemers, N. (2015). Reply to Albers. Acceptance of empirical evidence for gender disparaties in Dutch research funding. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(50), E6830Search in Google Scholar

[16] Verniers, C., Bonnot, V., Darnon, C., Dompnier, B., Martinot, D., Faniko, K., Lorenzi-Cioldi, F.,Sarrasin, O. & Mayor, E. (2015). How gender stereotypes of academic abilities contribute to the maintenance of gender hierarchy in higher education. In Faniko, K., Lorenzi-Cioldi, F., Sarrasin, O., Mayor, E., (Eds.), Gender and Social Hierarchies. Perspectives from Social Psychology. London: RoutledgeSearch in Google Scholar

[17] Volker, B. & Steenbeek, W. (2015). No evidence that gender contributes to personal research funding success in the Netherlands: A reaction to van der Lee and Ellemers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(51), E7036-E703710.1073/pnas.1519046112Search in Google Scholar

[18] West, J. D., Jacquet, J., King, M. M., Corrells, S. J. & Bergstrom, C.T. (2013). The role of gender in scholarly authorship. Plos ONE, 8(7), e6621210.1371/journal.pone.0066212Search in Google Scholar

[19] Yule, G. U. 1903. Notes on the Theory of Association of Attributes in Statistics. Biometrika, 2(2), 121-13410.1093/biomet/2.2.121Search in Google Scholar

eISSN:
2353-5415
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
Volume Open
Journal Subjects:
Philosophy, Metaphysics, Ontology, Epistemology, Social Sciences, Education, Education Systems