Cite

Amateis, R.L., Burkhart, H.E. 2011. Growth of young loblolly pine trees following pruning. – Forest Ecology and Management, 262(12), 2338–2343.Search in Google Scholar

Bergström, B., Gref, R., Ericsson, A. 2004. Effects of pruning on heartwood formation in Scots pine trees. – Journal of Forest Science, 50(1), 11–16.Search in Google Scholar

Bergström, R., Vikberg, M. 1992. Winter browsing on pine and birch in relation to moose population density. – Alces, 1, 127–131.Search in Google Scholar

Blomqvist, A.G. 1879. On growing of trees. (Om uppqvistning af träd). – Finska Forstföreningens Meddelanden, 1, 1–18. (In Swedish).Search in Google Scholar

Čermák, P., Strejček, M. 2007. Stem decay by Stereum sanguinolentum after red deer damage in the Českomoravská vrchovina highlands. – Journal of Forest Science, 53, 567–572.Search in Google Scholar

Christiansen, E., Krokene, P., Berryman, A.A., Franceschi, V.R., Krekling, T., Lieutier, F., Lönnborg, A., Solheim, H. 1999. Mechanical injury and fungal infection induce acquired resistance in Norway spruce. – Tree Physiology, 19, 399–403.10.1093/treephys/19.6.39912651562Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Coder, K.D. 1998. Pruning effects on tree growth: Growth regulation consequences (Tree growth control systems series). Athens, University of Georgia Service of Forest Resources. 3 pp.Search in Google Scholar

Deal, R.L., Barbour, R.J., Mcclellan, M.H., Parry, D.L. 2003. Development of epicormic sprouts in Sitka spruce following thinning and pruning in southeast Alaska. – Forestry, 76(4), 401–412.10.1093/forestry/76.4.401Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Edenius, L., Bergman, M., Ericsson, G., Danell, K. 2002. The role of moose as a disturbance factor in managed boreal forests. – Silva Fennica, 36, 57–67.Search in Google Scholar

Fight, R.D., Bolon, N.A., Cahill, J.M. 1993. Financial analysis of pruning Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine in the Pacific Northwest. – Western Journal of Applied Forestry, 8(2), 58–61.Search in Google Scholar

Gill, R.M.A. 1992. A review of damage by mammals in north temperate forests: 1. Deer. – Forestry, 65(2), 145–169.10.1093/forestry/65.2.145Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Gill, R.M.A. 2003. The economic implications of deer damage in woodlands and forests. – The future for deer: The Deer Initiative Conference, 28–29 March 2003. Peterborough, English Nature Research Reports, 548, 26–31.Search in Google Scholar

Gill, R.M.A., Webber, J., Peace, A. 2000. The economic implications of deer damage: a review of current evidence. Final report for The Deer Commission for Scotland. Surrey, Alice Holt Lodge. 49 p.Search in Google Scholar

Grönvall, A. 1908. A little about pruning of Norway spruce. (Vähän näreitten karsimisesta). – Tapio, 1(9), 378–379. (In Finnish).Search in Google Scholar

Heikinheimo, O. 1953 Artificial pruning of trees. (Puiden keinollisesta karsimisesta). – Metsätaloud Aikak, 76(12), 399–402. (In Finnish with English summary).Search in Google Scholar

Hein, S., Weiskittel, A.R., Kohnle, U. 2008. Branch characteristics of widely spaced Douglas-fir in south-western Germany: Comparisons of modelling approaches and geographic regions. – Forest Ecology and Management, 256(5), 1064–1079.Search in Google Scholar

Heiskanen, V. 1959. Studies on pruning of birch. Helsinki. 68 pp.Search in Google Scholar

Heräjärvi, H. 2002. Internal knottiness with respect to sawing patterns in Betula pendula and B. pubescens. – Baltic Forestry, 8(1), 42–50.Search in Google Scholar

Hörnberg, S. 2001. Changes in population density of moose (Alces alces) and damage to forests in Sweden. – Forest Ecology and Management, 149, 141–151.Search in Google Scholar

Houllier, F., Leban, J.M., Colin, F. 1995. Linking growth modelling to timber quality assessment for Norway spruce. – Forest Ecology and Management, 74, 91–102.Search in Google Scholar

Hyvän metsänhoidon suositukset. 2006. (Finnish Guidelines for Good Silviculture). Helsinki, Metsätalouden kehittämiskeskus Tapio. 59 pp. (In Finnish).Search in Google Scholar

Ikonen, V.P., Kellomäki, S., Peltola, H. 2009. Sawn timber properties of Scots pine as affected by initial stand density, thinning and pruning: a simulation based approach. – Silva Fennica, 43(3), 411–431.10.14214/sf.197Search in Google Scholar

Jactel, H., Branco, M., Gonzalez-Olabarria, J.R., Grodzki, W., Langstom, B., Moreira, F., Netherer, S., Orazio, C., Piou, D., Santos, H., Schelhaas, M.J., Tojic, K., Vodde, F. 2011. Forest stands management and vulnerability to biotic and abiotic hazards. Technical Report 64. European Forest Institute, Finland. 88 pp.Search in Google Scholar

Jäppinen, A. 2000. Automatic sorting of sawlogs by grade. Summary. PhD Thesis, Uppsala, Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae. 41 pp.Search in Google Scholar

Kraft, G. 1884. Contributions to the science of thinnings, coupe designs and interventions for light management. (Beiträge zur Lehre von den Durchforstungen, Schlagstellungen und Lichtungshieben). Hannover, Klindworth’s Verlag. 147 pp. (In German).Search in Google Scholar

Krigul T. 1961. Pine and spruce stands pruning. (Männi-ja kuusepuistute laasimine). Tartu, Loodusuurijate Selts. 194 pp. (In Estonian).Search in Google Scholar

Lakari, O.J. 1920. Studies on pruning of Norway spruce. (Tutkimuksia kuusen karsimisesta). – Communicationes Instituti Forestalis Fenniae, 2, 1–43. (In Finnish with German summary).Search in Google Scholar

Liepa, I. 1996. Theory of increment. (Pieauguma mācība). Jelgava, LLU. 124 pp. (In Latvian).Search in Google Scholar

Liepa, I., Zalkalns, O. 2014. The Diversity of the environmental impact in Kurzeme. – Journal of Life Science, 8(7), 570–581.Search in Google Scholar

Lyly, O., Saksa, T. 1992. The effect of stand density on moose damage in young Pinus sylvestris stands. – Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 7, 393–403.10.1080/02827589209382732Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Macdonald, E., Hubert, J. 2001. A review of the effects of silviculture on timber quality of Sitka spruce. – Forestry, 75(2), 107–138.Search in Google Scholar

Mäkinen, H. 1999. Growth, suppression, death, and self-pruning of branches of scots pine in southern and central Finland. – Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 29, 585–594.10.1139/x99-026Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Mäkinen, H., Ojansuu, R., Sairanen, P., Yli-Kojola, H. 2003. Predicting branch characteristics of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) from simple stand and tree measurements. – Forestry, 76(5), 525–546.10.1093/forestry/76.5.525Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Mattheck, C., Kubler, H. 1995. Wood: The internal optimization of trees. Berlin, Springer Verlag. 129 pp.Search in Google Scholar

McLaughlin, W., Šica, L. 1996. Bark striping caused by moose and an its related fungal infection. (Aļņu radītie mizas plēsumi parastai eglei un ar tiem saistītās trupes izraisitaju infekcijas). – Mežzinātne, 39(6), 26–37. (In Latvian).Search in Google Scholar

Metzler, B. 1996. Fungal infection rate and healing process after green pruning in Norway spruce. Forest Planning and Management Tools (EEC-Project AIR1-CT92-0715). Final Report. Germany, 200–208.Search in Google Scholar

Metzler, B. 1997. Quantitative assessment of fungal colonization in Norway spruce after green pruning. – European Journal of Forest Pathology, 27, 1–11.10.1111/j.1439-0329.1997.tb00848.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar

Metzler, B., Hecht, U., Nill, M., Brüchert, F., Fink, S., Kohnle, U. 2012. Comparing Norway spruce and silver fir regarding impact of bark wounds. – Forest Ecology and Management, 274, 99–107.Search in Google Scholar

Meyers, S.P. 1995. Profit potential from pruning: a look from down under. – The economics of commercial pruning and certification in New Zealand. School of Forestry. Auburn, Auburn University. p 15.Search in Google Scholar

O’Hara, K.L. 1991. A biological justification for pruning in coastal Douglas-fir stands. – Western Journal of Applied Forestry, 6(3), 59–63.Search in Google Scholar

O’Hara, K.L. 2007. Pruning wounds and occlusion: A long-standing conundrum in forestry. – Journal of Forestry, 105(3), 131–138.Search in Google Scholar

Paterson, A. 1938. The occlusion of pruning wounds in Norway spruce (Picea excelsa). – Annals Botany, 2(3), 681–698.10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a084026Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Petruncio, M., Briggs, D., Barbour, R.J. 1997. Predicting pruned branch stub occlusion in young, coastal Douglas-fir. – Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 27(7), 1074–1082.10.1139/x97-037Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Philips, H. 2004. Pruning adds value to plantations. [WWW document]. URL http://www.coford.ie/media/coford/content/publications/projectreports/cofordconnects/Pruning.pdf [Accessed 1 March 2017].Search in Google Scholar

Pinkard, E.A., Beadle, C.L. 2000. A physiological approach to pruning. – International Forestry Review, 2(4), 295–305.Search in Google Scholar

Pruning Your Forest Trees. 2006. [WWW document]. URL http://www.shelterwoodmaine.com/pdf/pruning%20trees.pdf [Accessed 1 March 2017].Search in Google Scholar

R Development Core Team. 2011. R: A language and environment for statistical computing, Vienna, R Foundation for Statistical Computing ISBN 3-900051-07-0. [WWW document]. – URL http://www.R-project.org/. [Accessed 21 February 2017].Search in Google Scholar

Rinn, F. 1996. TSAP Reference Manual: computer program for tree ring analysis and presentation. Version 3.0. Heidelberg. 262 pp.Search in Google Scholar

Romell, L.G. 1937. Results of natural and artificial pruning in Scots pine. (Kvistrensning och över-vallning hos okvistad och torrkvistad tall). – Journal of Swedish Forest Society, 35, 299–328, (In Swedish with English summary).Search in Google Scholar

Rytter, L., Jansson, G. 2009. Influence of pruning on wood characters in hybrid aspen. – Silva Fennica, 43, 689–698.Search in Google Scholar

Schatz, U., Herajarvi, H., Kannisto, K., Rantatalo, M. 2008. Influence of saw and secateur pruning on stem discolouration, wound cicatrisation and diameter growth of Betula pendula. – Silva Fennica, 42, 295–305.Search in Google Scholar

Schwerdtfeger, F. 1955. Pathogenese der Borkenkiifer-Epidemie 1946–1950 in Nordwestdeutschland. (Pathogenesis of bark beetle epidemic 1946–1950 in north-wetern Germany). G. Göttingen, Schriftenreihe der Forstlichen Fakultt der Universität Göttingen. 135 pp. (In German).Search in Google Scholar

Šmits, A., Striķe, Z., Liepa, I. 2008. Effect of defoliation caused by European pine sawfly Neodiprion sertifer Geoffr. on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). (Priežu rūsganās zāģlapsenes (Neodiprion sertifer Geoffr.) izraisītās defoliācijas ietekme uz priežu (Pinus sylvestris L.) pieaugumu). – Mežzinātne, 18(51), 53–73. (In Latvian).Search in Google Scholar

State Forest Service. 2015. State Forest Service, Annual Report 2015. (Valsts Meža Dienests. 2015. Gada pārskats). [WWW document]. – URL https://www.zm.gov.lv/public/files/CMS_Static_Page_Doc/00/00/00/84/06/Publiskaisparskats2015.pdf [Accessed 18 July 2017]. (In Latvian).Search in Google Scholar

Tomppo, E. 1996. Multi-source national forest inventory of Finland. – Proceedings of the Subject Group S4.02-00 “Forest Resource Inventory and Monitoring” and Subject Group S4.12-00 Remote Sensing Technology, Joensuu, Finland, 1996. – European Forestry Institute Proceedings, 7, 27–41.Search in Google Scholar

Tong, Q., Duchesne, I., Belley D., Beaudoin, M., Swift, E. 2013. Characterization of knots in plantation white spruce. – Wood and Fiber Science, 45(1), 1–14.Search in Google Scholar

Vasiliauskas, R. 2001. Damage to trees due to forestry operations and its pathological significance in temperate forests: a literature review. – Forestry, 74(4), 319–336.10.1093/forestry/74.4.319Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Venho, B. 1915. Observations on decay defects caused by pruning in Norway spruce. (Havaintoja karsimisen aiheuttamista lahovioista kuusessa). – Metsätaloud Aikak, 2(11), 332–339. (In Finnish).Search in Google Scholar

Víquez, E., Pérez, D. 2005. Effect of pruning on tree growth, yield, and wood properties of Tectona grandis plantations in Costa Rica. – Silva Fennica, 39(3), 381–390.Search in Google Scholar

eISSN:
1736-8723
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
2 times per year
Journal Subjects:
Life Sciences, Plant Science, Ecology, other