<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><p>In many countries, <italic>open and distance education</italic> is perceived as a way to meet the growing need for higher education. This paper explores the development of online and distance education in three countries that are still a white spot on the landscape of international distance education research although they have implemented elaborated distance education systems: Turkey, Russia and Saudi-Arabia. In order to understand the current state of distance education systems in the three countries, their respective systems are described from a historical perspective, compared in regard to their organization, important institutions for open and distance education and current developments. This comparative analysis directs the focus on little investigated education systems and contributes to an enhanced understanding of their past, present, and future.</p></abstract>

In many countries, open and distance education is perceived as a way to meet the growing need for higher education. This paper explores the development of online and distance education in three countries that are still a white spot on the landscape of international distance education research although they have implemented elaborated distance education systems: Turkey, Russia and Saudi-Arabia. In order to understand the current state of distance education systems in the three countries, their respective systems are described from a historical perspective, compared in regard to their organization, important institutions for open and distance education and current developments. This comparative analysis directs the focus on little investigated education systems and contributes to an enhanced understanding of their past, present, and future.

The Development of Distance Education Systems in Turkey, the Russian Federation and Saudi Arabia

Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Germany

University of Münster School of Business and Economics, Germany

European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

In many countries, open and distance education is perceived as a way to meet the growing need for higher education. This paper explores the development of...

The Development of Distance Education Systems in Turkey, the Russian Federation and Saudi Arabia

Published Online: Jan 26, 2016

Page range: 112 - 128

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/eurodl-2015-0016

Keywords
distance eduation, open education

© 2015 Olaf Zawacki-Richter et al., published by De Gruyter Open

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

The Development of Distance Education Systems in Turkey, the Russian Federation and Saudi Arabia

Published Online: Jan 26, 2016

Page range: 112 - 128

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/eurodl-2015-0016

Keywordsdistance eduation, open education

© 2015 Olaf Zawacki-Richter et al., published by De Gruyter Open

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Keywords
distance eduation, open education