Industry life cycles of a resource town in Finland – the case of Lieksa

[1] Aarnio, J. (1999). Kaskiviljelystä metsätöihin: Tutkimus Pielisjärven kruununmetsistä ja kruununmetsätorppareista vuoteen 1910. University of Joensuu. Department of Geography, publications 4.Search in Google Scholar

[2] Adger, N. W. (2000). Social and ecological resilience: Are they related? Progress in Human Geography, 24 (3), 347-364. Doi: 10.1191/030913200701540465.10.1191/030913200701540465Search in Google Scholar

[3] Brezis, E. & Krugman, P. (1997). Technology and the life cycle of cities. Journal of Economic Growth, 2 (4), 369-83. Doi: 10.1023/A:1009754704364.10.1023/A:1009754704364Search in Google Scholar

[4] Christopherson, S., Michie, J. & Tyler, P. (2010). Regional resilience: Theoretical and empirical perspectives. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3, 3-10. Doi: 10.1093/cjres/rsq004.10.1093/cjres/rsq004Search in Google Scholar

[5] Cooke, P. & Leydesdorff, L. (2006). Regional development in the knowledge-based economy: The construction of advantage. Journal of Technology Transfer, 31 (1), 5-15. Doi: 10.1007/s10961-005-5009-3.10.1007/s10961-005-5009-3Search in Google Scholar

[6] Danson, M. & de Souza, P. (2012). Nations and regions in Northern Europe. In: Danson, M. & de Souza, P. (eds.), Regional Development in Northern Europe: Peripherality, Marginality and Border Issues, Regional Studies Association, Serie Regions and Cities, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 98-117.10.4324/9780203127247-13Search in Google Scholar

[7] Edenhoffer, K. & Hayter, R. (2013). Restructuring on a vertiginous plateau: The evolutionary trajectories of British Columbia’s forest industries 1980 - 2010. Geoforum, 44, 139-151. Doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.10.002.10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.10.002Search in Google Scholar

[8] Engle, N. L. (2011). Adaptive capacity and its assessment. Global Environmental Change, 21, 647-656. Doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.01.019.10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.01.019Search in Google Scholar

[9] Enso Oyj (1997). Annual Report 1997. Retrieved from http://web.lib.hse.fi/FI/yrityspalvelin/pdf/1997/eenso.pdf (accessed 19.12.2013).Search in Google Scholar

[10] Eskelinen, H. (2001). Aluepolitiikka rautahäkissä. Kunnallisalan kehittämissäätiön Polemiasarjan julkaisu 41. http://www.kaks.fi/sites/default/files/Polemia%2041.pdf (accessed 18.3.2014).Search in Google Scholar

[11] Espon Project 2.1.3. (2006). The territorial impact of CAP and rural development policy. http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects.html (accessed 3.3.2010).Search in Google Scholar

[12] Finnish Border Guard (2010). Annual Report 2010. http://live.grano.fi/tuotanto/r/rajavartiolaitos_2010/ (accessed 7.11.2010).Search in Google Scholar

[13] Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change, 16, 253-267. Doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002.10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002Search in Google Scholar

[14] Freudenburg, W. & Gramling, R. (1994). Natural resources and rural poverty: A closer look. Society and Natural Resources, 7 (1), 5-22. Doi: 10.1080/08941929409380841.10.1080/08941929409380841Search in Google Scholar

[15] Fujita, M. & Krugman, P. (2004). The new economic geography: Past, present and future. Papers of Regional Science, 83 (1), 139-164. Doi: 10.1007/s10110-003-0180-0.10.1007/s10110-003-0180-0Search in Google Scholar

[16] Gallup, J., Sachs, J. & Mellinger A. (1999). Geography and economic development. International Regional Science Review, 22 (2), 179-232. Doi: 10.1177/016001799761012334.10.1177/016001799761012334Search in Google Scholar

[17] Garretsen, H. & Martin, R. (2010). Rethinking (new) economic geography models: Taking geography and history more seriously. Spatial Economic Analysis, 5 (2), 127-160. Doi: 10.1080/17421771003730729.10.1080/17421771003730729Search in Google Scholar

[18] Gløersen, E., Dubois, A., Copus, A. & Schürmann, C. (2005). Northern peripheral, sparsely populated regions in the European north. Nordregio Report 2005, 4.Search in Google Scholar

[19] Hayter, R. & Patchell, J. (2011). Economic Geography. An Institutional Approach. Don Mills (Canada): Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

[20] Helminen, V., Nurmio, K., Rehunen, A., Ristimäki, M., Oinonen, K., Tiitu, M., Kotavaara, O., Antikainen, H. & Rusanen, J. (2012). Kaupungin-maaseudun aluetypologian muodostamisperiaatteet - tekninen menetelmäkuvaus. http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=135819&lan= (accessed 18.8.2013) Search in Google Scholar

[21] Henttinen, A. (2007). Moderni suomalainen: Luhdan ensimmäiset sata vuotta. Lahti: LFashion Group.Search in Google Scholar

[22] Hirvonen, T. (2009). Joensuun seudun sopeutuminen Perloksen tuotannon lopettamiseen. Spatia Centre for Regional Research, Reports 1. https://www.uef.fi/documents/1145887/1146339/rap2009_1.pdf/defc5877-c264-4676-a5f8- f6114b0ad539 (accessed 10.3.2014).Search in Google Scholar

[23] Hjerppe, R. (1989). The Finnish economy 1860-1985. Growth and Structural Change. Helsinki: Bank of Finland. Government Printing Office.Search in Google Scholar

[24] Hoving, V. (1961). Enso-Gutzeit Osakeyhtiö 1872 - 1958, vol. II. Helsinki: Frenckellin Kirjapaino Osakeyhtiö.Search in Google Scholar

[25] Huikuri, N. & Okkonen, L. (2012). Bioenergiaa Pielisen Karjalaan. Joensuu: Pohjois- Karjalan ammattikorkeakoulu.Search in Google Scholar

[26] Julkunen, R. (1992). Hyvinvointivaltio käännekohdassa. Tampere: Vastapaino.Search in Google Scholar

[27] Julkunen, R. (2001). Suunnanmuutos: 1990-luvun sosiaalipoliittinen reformi Suomessa. Tampere: Vastapaino.Search in Google Scholar

[28] Kangasharju, A. & Pekkala, S. (2004). Increasing regional disparities in the 1990s: The Finnish experience. Regional Studies, 38 (3), 255-267. Doi: 10.1080/003434042000211097.10.1080/003434042000211097Search in Google Scholar

[29] Kiander, J. (2001). Laman opetukset: Suomen 1990-luvun kriisin syyt ja seuraukset. Helsinki: Government Institute for Economic Research, Publications 27 (5).Search in Google Scholar

[30] Kitson, M., Martin, R. & Tyler, P. (2004). Regional competitiveness: An elusive yet key concept? Regional Studies, 38 (9), 991-999. Doi: 10.1080/0034340042000320816.10.1080/0034340042000320816Search in Google Scholar

[31] Kontiainen, H. (2010). Factory manager. Amcor Flexibles Lieksa. Interview 17.8.2010.Search in Google Scholar

[32] Kortelainen, J. (2010). Aluepolitiikka. In: Niemelä, P. (ed.) Hyvinvointipolitiikka, Helsinki: WSOYpro Oy, pp. 346-366.Search in Google Scholar

[33] Kortelainen, J. & Rannikko, P. (2014). Positionality switch: Remapping resource communities in Russian borderlands, Economic Geography, Doi: 10.1111/ecge.12064 (early view, online).10.1111/ecge.12064Search in Google Scholar

[34] Kotilainen, J., Eisto, I. & Vatanen, E. (2015). Uncovering mechanisms for resilience: Strategies to counter shrinkage in a peripheral city in Finland. European Planning Studies 23 (1), 53-68. Doi: 10.1080/09654313.2013.820086.10.1080/09654313.2013.820086Search in Google Scholar

[35] Kotilainen, J. & Rytteri, T. (2011). Transformation of forest policy regimes in Finland since the 19th century. Journal of Historical Geography, 37, 429-439. Doi: 10.1016/j.jhg.2011.04.003.10.1016/j.jhg.2011.04.003Search in Google Scholar

[36] Krugman, P. (1991). Increasing returns and economic geography. Journal of Political Economy, 99 (3), 483-499.10.1086/261763Search in Google Scholar

[37] Krugman, P. (1993). First nature, second nature, and metropolitan location. Journal of Regional Science, 33 (2), 129-144. Doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9787.1993.tb00217.x.10.1111/j.1467-9787.1993.tb00217.xSearch in Google Scholar

[38] Krugman, P. (1998). What’s new about the new economic geography? Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 14 (2), 7-17. Doi:10.1093/oxrep/14.2.7.10.1093/oxrep/14.2.7Search in Google Scholar

[39] Kuisma, M. (2006). Metsäteollisuuden maa: Suomi, metsät ja kansainvälinen järjestelmä 1620 - 1920. 2nd edition. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran Toimituksia 1055:1.Search in Google Scholar

[40] Kupiainen, H. (1995). Ihmisten ja yhtiöiden maannälkä: Egyptinkorven ja Nurmijärven maanomistusolot isojaosta nykypäivään. In: Laitinen, E. (ed.) Rintamalta raiviolle, Jyväskylä: Atena, pp. 161-183 Search in Google Scholar

[41] Leake, N., Adamowicz, W. & Boxall, P. (2006). An econometric analysis of the effect of forest dependence on the economic well-being of Canadian communities. Forest Science, 52 (5), 595-604.Search in Google Scholar

[42] Lehtonen, O. & Tykkyläinen, M. (2010a). Tulotason spatiaalinen kaksoispolarisaatio Pohjois-Karjalassa 1996 - 2003. Terra, 122 (2), 63-74.Search in Google Scholar

[43] Lehtonen, O. & Tykkyläinen, M. (2010b). Kuinka väestö sijoittuu siirryttäessä tietoyhteiskuntaan? - esimerkkinä Itä-Suomi. Yhteiskuntapolitiikka, 75 (5), 500-518.Search in Google Scholar

[44] Lehtonen, O. & Tykkyläinen, M. (2012). Työpaikkakehityksen alueelliset kehitysprosessit Itä-Suomessa 1994 - 2003 (Spatial processes of job growth in Eastern Finland, 1994 -2003). Terra, 124 (2), 85-105.Search in Google Scholar

[45] Lehtonen, O. & Tykkyläinen, M. (2014). Potential for job creation and resource dependence in rural Finland. European Countryside, 6 (3), 202-224. Doi: 10.2478/euco-2014-0011.10.2478/euco-2014-0011Search in Google Scholar

[46] Lieksa (1975). Municipal report of Lieksa 1974 I. Lieksan kirjapaino, Lieksa.Search in Google Scholar

[47] Lieksa (1976). Municipal report of Lieksa 1974 II. Lieksan kirjapaino, Lieksa.Search in Google Scholar

[48] Lieksa (1980). Municipal report of Lieksa 1979. Lieksan kirjapaino. LieksaSearch in Google Scholar

[49] Lieksa (2009). The largest employers of Lieksa 2008. Unpublished summary table.Search in Google Scholar

[50] Lieksa (2012). A List of Active Farms 2011. Unpublished data system printout.Search in Google Scholar

[51] Lieksa (2013). The largest employers of Lieksa 2013. Summary table. http://www.lieksa.fi/Resource.phx/sivut/sivut-lieksa/esittely/lieksansuurimmattyonantajat.htx (accessed 13.12.2013).Search in Google Scholar

[52] Lieksa (2014). The strategy of Lieksa 2020. http://www.lieksa.fi/dman/Document.phx?documentId=qr04114121950536&cmd=download (accessed 15.3.2014).Search in Google Scholar

[53] Luoma-aho, J. & Strömberg, H. (2008). Enso-Gutzeit oy, Pankakosken tehtaat. elma.elka.fi/ArkHistory/E062.DOC (accessed 10.3.2014).Search in Google Scholar

[54] Maintpartner (2008). Pankaboard ja Maintpartner allekirjoittivat kunnossapidon kumppanuussopimuksen. http://www.maintpartner.fi/fi/uutisia/uutiset-jatiedotteet/356/pankaboard-ja-maintpartner-allekirjoittivat-kunnossapidonkumppanuussopimuksen.html (accessed 19.3.2014).Search in Google Scholar

[55] Malinen, P. (1998). Yhdentävä maaseutupolitiikka ja paikallinen omaehtoisuus. Maaseudun uusi aika, 2, 22-27.Search in Google Scholar

[56] Malinen, P., Kytölä, L., Keränen, H. & Keränen, R. (2006). Suomen maaseututyypit 2006. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Publications 7. http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/julkaisusarja/5kYqNENOF/MMMjulkaisu2006_7.pdf (accessed 20.8.2013).Search in Google Scholar

[57] Manyena, S. B. (2006). The concept of resilience revisited. Disasters 30 (4), 434-450. Doi: 10.1111/j.0361-3666.2006.00331.x.10.1111/j.0361-3666.2006.00331.x17100752Search in Google Scholar

[58] Markey, S., Halseth, G. & Manson, D. (2006). The struggle to compete: From comparative to competitive advantage in Northern British Columbia. International Planning Studies, 11 (1), 19-39. Doi: 10.1080/13563470600935016.10.1080/13563470600935016Search in Google Scholar

[59] Markey, S., Halseth, G. & Manson, D. (2008). Challenging the inevitability of rural decline: Advancing the policy of place in Northern British Columbia. Journal of Rural Studies, 24 (4), 409-421. Doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2008.03.012.10.1016/j.jrurstud.2008.03.012Search in Google Scholar

[60] Martin, R. (2012). Regional economic resilience, hysteresis and recessionary shocks. Journal of Economic Geography, 12 (1), 1-32. Doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbr019.10.1093/jeg/lbr019Search in Google Scholar

[61] Mikkonen, K. (2002). Competitive advantage of regions and small economic areas: The case of Finland. Fennia, 180 (1-2), 191-198 Search in Google Scholar

[62] Moisio, S. & Leppänen, L. (2007). Towards a Nordic competition state? Politico-economic transformation of statehood in Finland, 1965 - 2005. Fennia, 185 (2), 63-87.Search in Google Scholar

[63] Myant, M. & Drahokoupil, J. (2012). International integration, varieties of capitalism and resilience to crisis in transition economies. Europe-Asia Studies, 64 (1), 1-33. Doi: 10.1080/09668136.2012.635478.10.1080/09668136.2012.635478Search in Google Scholar

[64] Nokian Renkaat (2004). Nokian Renkaat Oyj myymässä polkupyöränrenkaatliiketoimintansa. http://www.nokianrenkaat.fi/tiedote?id=10340933 (accessed 2.3.2014).Search in Google Scholar

[65] Näsi, J., Lamberg, J-A., Ojala, P. & Sajasalo, P. (2001). Metsäteollisuusyritysten strategiset kehityspolut: Kilpailu, keskittyminen ja kasvu pitkällä aikavälillä. Helsinki: Metsäalan tutkimusohjelma Wood Wisdom.Search in Google Scholar

[66] Official Statistics Finland (1960 - 1986). Population: Intermunicipal migration. Volume 6 A.Search in Google Scholar

[67] Official Statistics Finland (1979). Väestön elinkeino: Väestö elinkeinon mukaan kunnittain 1880 - 1975, Tilastollisia tiedonantoja 63.Search in Google Scholar

[68] Official Statistics Finland (1982). 201 - Population over 15 years by sex and belonging to labour force 1980. Unpublished data system printout.Search in Google Scholar

[69] Official Statistics Finland (1990). Cencus of Population. Volume 7 C.Search in Google Scholar

[70] Official Statistics Finland (2009). Population projection 2009-2060. http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/vaenn/2009/vaenn_2009_2009-09-30_en.pdf (accessed 12.2.2015).Search in Google Scholar

[71] Official Statistics Finland (2013a). Population structure: Population density by area 1.1.2013. http://pxweb2.stat.fi/database/StatFin/vrm/vaerak/vaerak_en.asp (accessed 4.6.2014).Search in Google Scholar

[72] Official Statistics Finland (2013b). 050 - Employed workforce in area (workplaces) by area, employer sector, occupational status and sex 1987-2011. http://pxweb2.stat.fi/database/StatFin/vrm/tyokay/tyokay_en.asp (accessed 20.4.2014).Search in Google Scholar

[73] Official Statistics Finland (2014a). 010 - Population by area, main type of activity, sex, age and year 1987-2013*. http://pxweb2.stat.fi/database/StatFin/vrm/tyokay/tyokay_en.asp (accessed 10.2.2015).Search in Google Scholar

[74] Official Statistics Finland (2014b). Immigration and emigration by age, sex and area 1987-2013. http://pxweb2.stat.fi/database/StatFin/vrm/muutl/muutl_en.asp (accessed 10.2.2015).Search in Google Scholar

[75] Official Statistics Finland (2014c). Population according to age (1-year) and sex by area 1980 - 2013. http://pxweb2.stat.fi/database/StatFin/vrm/vaerak/vaerak_en.asp (accessed 11.2.2015).Search in Google Scholar

[76] Official Statistics Finland (2014d). Tuotanto ja työllisyys seutukunnittain 1975-2008*, 20 toimialaa. http://193.166.171.75/database/StatFin/kan/altp/altp_fi.asp (accessed 20.4.2014).Search in Google Scholar

[77] Official Statistics Finland (2015a). Concept and definitions: Economic activity (labour force). http://tilastokeskus.fi/meta/kas/amm_toimi_en.html (accessed 10.2.2015).Search in Google Scholar

[78] Official Statistics Finland (2015b). Concept and definitions: Intermunicipal net migration. http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/muutl/kas_en.html (accessed 11.2.2015).Search in Google Scholar

[79] Official Statistics Finland (2015c). Concept and definitions: Unemployment rate. http://tilastokeskus.fi/meta/kas/tyottomyysaste_en.html (accessed 11.2.2015).Search in Google Scholar

[80] Official Statistics Finland (2015d). Concept and definitions: Employment. http://stat.fi/meta/kas/tyollisyys_en.html (accessed 17.2.2015).Search in Google Scholar

[81] Oinonen-Edén, E. (1991). Pielisjärven ja Juuan historia 1811 - 1864. Pielisjärven historia III. Lieksan kaupunki, Juuan kunta, Pielisjärven ja Viekijärven seurakuntayhtymä Search in Google Scholar

[82] Overdevest, C. & Green, G. (1995). Forest dependence and community well-being: A segmented market approach. Society & Natural Resources: An International Journal, 8 (2), 111-131. Doi: 10.1080/08941929509380906.10.1080/08941929509380906Search in Google Scholar

[83] Palokas, U. (2002). Kevätniemen saha 100 vuotta: Kevätniemen saha 1902-2002. Lieksa: Vapo Timber.Search in Google Scholar

[84] Pankaboard (2013). History. http://www.pankaboard.com/history.php (accessed 19.12.2013).Search in Google Scholar

[85] Pankakoski Board Mill (1996). The number of employees. Enso-Gutzeit Oy, Employee statistics. Central Archives for Finnish Business Records.Search in Google Scholar

[86] Partridge, M., Bollman, R., Olfert, M. & Alasia, A. (2007). Riding the wave of urban growth in the countryside: Spread, backwash or stagnation? Land Economics, 83 (2), 128-152. Doi: 10.3368/le.83.2.128.10.3368/le.83.2.128Search in Google Scholar

[87] Partridge, M. D. (2010). The duelling models: NEG vs amenity migration in explaining.10.1111/j.1435-5957.2010.00315.xSearch in Google Scholar

[88] US engines of growth. Papers in Regional Science, 89 (3), 513-536. Doi: 10.1111/j.1435-5957.2010.00315.x.10.1111/j.1435-5957.2010.00315.xSearch in Google Scholar

[89] Patriquin, M., Parkins, J. & Stedman, R. (2007). Socio-economic status of boreal communities in Canada. Forestry, 80 (3), 279-291. Doi: 10.1093/forestry/cpm014.10.1093/forestry/cpm014Search in Google Scholar

[90] Peltoniemi, M. (2011). Reviewing industry life-cycle theory: Avenues for future research. International Journal of Management Review, 13, 349-375. Doi: 10.1111/j.1468_2370.2010.000295.x.Search in Google Scholar

[91] PIKES (2014). The economic development strategy of Pielinen Karelia 2014-2017. http://www.pikes.fi/documents/757708/1416317/Pielisen+Karjalan+Elinkeinostrategia+2014 -2017_final.pdf/74ea804a-b6f6-47e6-8f03-d98fee4353c8 (accessed 12.2.2015).Search in Google Scholar

[92] Polèse, M. & Shearmur, R. (2004). Is distance really dead? Comparing location patterns over time in Canada. International Regional Science Review, 27 (4), 431-457. Doi: 10.1177/0160017604267637.10.1177/0160017604267637Search in Google Scholar

[93] Polèse, M. & Shearmur, R. (2006). Why some regions will decline: A Canadian case study with thoughts of local development strategies. Papers in Regional Science 83 (1), 23-46. Doi:10.1111/j.1435-5957.2006.00024.x.10.1111/j.1435-5957.2006.00024.xSearch in Google Scholar

[94] Potter, A. & Watts, H. D. (2011). Evolutionary agglomeration theory: Increasing returns, diminishing returns, and the industry life cycle. Journal of Economic Geography, 11 (3), 417-455. Doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbq004.10.1093/jeg/lbq004Search in Google Scholar

[95] PRH (2014). Company Information: Enso-Gutzeit Oy. National Board of Patents and Registration of Finland. https://virre.prh.fi/portal/dt?userLang=en&provider=layout&action=content (accessed 7.4.2014).Search in Google Scholar

[96] Pääkkönen, E. (2013). Ruukin aikaan: Pankakosken harkkohytin historia 1820 - 1911. Tampere: Mediapinta.Search in Google Scholar

[97] Rannikko, P. (1999). Savottojen ja väestökadon Suomi. In: Löytönen, M. & Kolbe, L. (eds.) Suomi: Maa, kansa ja kulttuuri. Jyväskylä: Suomen Kirjallisuuden Seuran Toimituksia 753, pp. 211-221.Search in Google Scholar

[98] Rannikko, P. (2014). Maaseutuyhteiskunnan muutos. In: Björn, I. (ed.) Rajan maakunta: Pohjois-Karjalan historia 1939 - 2014, Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, pp. 197-219.Search in Google Scholar

[99] Regional Council of North Karelia (2009). Database of industry 1980 - 2008. Unpublished summary table Search in Google Scholar

[100] Saarelainen, A. (1995). Raivaussavuista euroaikaan. Pielisjärven maaseutu yhteiskunnan muutoksissa 1945 - 1995. In: Laitinen, E. (ed.) Rintamalta raiviolle, Jyväskylä: Atena, pp. 184-238.Search in Google Scholar

[101] Sachs, J. & Warner, A. (1997a). Fundamental sources of long-run growth. American Economic Review, 87 (2), 184-188. Doi: 10.1111/j.1435-5957.2006.00024.x.10.1111/j.1435-5957.2006.00024.xSearch in Google Scholar

[102] Sachs, J. & Warner, A. (1997b). Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth. Cambridge: Center for International Development and Harvard Institute for International Development, Harvard University.Search in Google Scholar

[103] Sajasalo, P. (2003). Strategies in Transition: The Internationalization of Finnish Forest Industry Companies. Jyväskylä Studies in Business and Economics 23.Search in Google Scholar

[104] Sippola, M. (2010). Kehitysalueista aluekehitykseen. Suomen virallisen aluepolitiikan 30 ensimmäistä vuotta 1966 - 1995. Työ- ja elinkeinoministeriön julkaisuja. Alueiden kehittäminen 31/2010.Search in Google Scholar

[105] Smith, D. (1981). Industrial Location. 2nd edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.Search in Google Scholar

[106] Sousa, S. & Pinho, P. (2015). Planning for shrinkage: Paradox or paradigm. European Planning Studies, 23 (1), 12-32. Doi: 10.1080/09654313.2013.820082.10.1080/09654313.2013.820082Search in Google Scholar

[107] Stedman, R., Parkins, J. & Beckley, T. (2004). Resource dependence and community wellbeing in rural Canada. Rural Sociology, 69 (2), 213-234. Doi: 10.1526/003601104323087589.10.1526/003601104323087589Search in Google Scholar

[108] Stedman, R., Parkins, J. & Beckley, T. (2005). Forest dependence and community wellbeing in rural Canada: Variation by forest sector and region. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 35 (1), 215-220. Doi: 10.1139/x04-140.10.1139/x04-140Search in Google Scholar

[109] Stora Enso Oyj (2014). History. http://www.storaenso.com/about/history (accessed 7.4.2014).Search in Google Scholar

[110] Suomen Kumitehdas (2014). Yli 80 vuotta Reinojen historiaa. http://www.reinokauppa.fi/contact.php (accessed 2.3.2014).Search in Google Scholar

[111] Suorsa, K. (2007). Regionality, innovation policy and peripheral regions in Finland, Sweden and Norway. Fennia, 185 (1), 15-29.Search in Google Scholar

[112] Taloussanomat (2004). Nokian polkupyöränrenkaat ja saapastehdas samaan yhtiöön. http://www.taloussanomat.fi/arkisto/2004/10/02/nokian-polkupyoranrenkaat-jasaapastehdas- samaan-yhtioon/200430181/12 (accessed 2.3.2014).Search in Google Scholar

[113] Taloussanomat (2014). Suomen Rengastehdas Oy. http://yritys.taloussanomat.fi/y/suomen-rengastehdas-oy/lieksa/1920725-5/ (accessed 7.2.2014).Search in Google Scholar

[114] TE-centre of North Karelia (2008). Pohjois-Karjala talouskatsaus 1/2008. http://www.josek.fi/files/file/Talouskatsaus_1_2008.pdf (accessed 10.3.2014).Search in Google Scholar

[115] Tervo, H. (2005). Regional Policy Lessons from Finland. In: Felsenstein, D. & Portnov, B. A. (eds.) Regional Disparities in Small Countries, Series: Advantages in Spatial Science, Berlin: Springer, pp. 267-282.10.1007/3-540-27639-4_15Search in Google Scholar

[116] Tervo, H. (2009). Centres and peripheries in Finland: Granger causality tests using panel data. Spatial Economic Analysis, 4 (4), 377-390. Doi: 10.1080/17421770903317652.10.1080/17421770903317652Search in Google Scholar

[117] Tike (2013). Statistics of active farms in Lieksa 1990 - 2010. Agricultural Statistics, Farm Register. Information Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.Search in Google Scholar

[118] Tuhkunen, A. (2007). Between Location and a Sense of Place. Tampere: Acta Universitatis Tamperensis, 1207.Search in Google Scholar

[119] Tykkyläinen, M. (1992). Solutions to mine closure in Outokumpu. In: Neil, C., Tykkyläinen, M. & Bradbury, J. (eds.) Coping with Closure: An International Comparison of Mine Town Experiences, London & New York: Routledge, pp. 225-246 Search in Google Scholar

[120] Tykkyläinen, M. (1995). Asutustoiminnan taloudelliset vaikutukset. In: Laitinen, E. (ed.) Rintamalta raiviolle: Sodanjälkeinen asutustoiminta 50 vuotta, Jyväskylä: Atena, pp. 139-158.Search in Google Scholar

[121] Tykkyläinen, M. (2012). Community development as an evolutionary process in remote resource-based areas. In: Häyrynen, S., Turunen, R. & Nyman, J. (eds.) Locality, Memory, Reconstruction: The Cultural Challenges and Possibilities of Former Single- Industry Communities, Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 254-272.Search in Google Scholar

[122] Vatanen, E. (1986). Pohjois-Karjalan teollisuus 1910 - 1982. Unpublished research archive material.Search in Google Scholar

[123] Vatanen, E. (2010). Lieksa - luonnonvaroista riippuvainen kaupunki. In: Kotilainen, J. & Eisto, I. (eds.) Luonnonvarayhdyskunnat ja muuttuva ympäristö - resilienssitutkimuksen näkökulmia Itä-Suomeen, Joensuu: Publications of the University of Eastern Finland, Reports and Studies in Social Sciences and Business Studies 2, pp. 41-54.Search in Google Scholar

[124] Vatanen, E., Eisto, I. & Rannikko, P. (2012). Luontopalvelut ja matkailu syrjäisen maaseudun elinkeinojen uudistajana: Tapaus Lieksa. Kunnallistieteellinen aikakauskirja, 2, 89-113.Search in Google Scholar

[125] Vatanen, E., Ovaskainen, V. & Hyppönen, M. (2014). Luontomatkailu alue- ja paikallistaloudessa. In: Tyrväinen, L., Kurttila, M., Sievänen, T. & Tuulentie, S. (eds.) Hyvinvointia metsästä. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, pp. 153-162.Search in Google Scholar

[126] Virkkala, S. (1994). Economic restructuring and regional development in Finland. In: Doling, J., Koskiaho, B. & Virkkala, S. (eds.) Restructuring in Old Industrial Towns in Finland, University of Tampere, Department of Social Policy and Social Work, Research Report Serie A 6, pp. 69-103.Search in Google Scholar

[127] Vuorenmaa, R. (2003). 30 vuotta: Lieksan Teollisuuskylä Oy, Lieksa: Lieksa Development Agency.Search in Google Scholar

[128] Walker, B. & Salt, D. (2006). Resilience Thinking. Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World. Washington: Island Press.Search in Google Scholar

[129] Wilson, G. A. (2012). Community Resilience and Environmental Transitions. London: Routledge.10.4324/9780203144916Search in Google Scholar

[130] YLE (2009). Aino ja Reino pitävät Kumitehtaan pinnalla. Finnish Broadcasting Company. http://yle.fi/uutiset/aino_ja_reino_pitavat_kumitehtaan_pinnalla/5283684 (accessed 2.3.2014).Search in Google Scholar

[131] Yli-Jokipii, P. & Koski, A. (1995). The changing pattern of Finnish regional policies. Fennia, 173 (2), 53-67. Search in Google Scholar