<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<p>Kalimantan experiences fire hazards almost every year, which threaten the largest tropical forest in Southeast Asia. Climatic conditions, such as increasing surface temperature and decreasing rainfall, become important especially when El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) occurs. Studies on fire are commonly conducted based on the climatic condition such as the dry or wet season, but those which focused on analysis of fire occurrences with the specific ENSO phases are still limited. This study aims to identify the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall, land surface temperature, and soil moisture and analyses the distribution of hotspots in Kalimantan from 2014 to 2020 during different ENSO phases. The data used are Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for hotspot analysis, Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) for rainfall analysis, MODIS Land Surface Temperature (LST) for surface temperature analysis and Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) for soil moisture analysis. The methods used were descriptive and spatial analyses based on each ENSO phase, which were then combined to analyse the temporal and spatial distribution of fire, rainfall, LST and soil moisture. The temporal distribution shows a positive relationship between ENSO, rainfall, LST, soil moisture and hotspots with a confidence level of 90% in the dry months of August–October. Fire occurred in most parts of West and Central Kalimantan, associated with low elevation, organic soil types and agricultural peatland. The average trend of increasing hotspots is 17.4% in the El Nino phase and decreasing hotspots by 84.7% in the La Nina phase during August–October in Kalimantan.</p>
</abstract>

Kalimantan experiences fire hazards almost every year, which threaten the largest tropical forest in Southeast Asia. Climatic conditions, such as increasing surface temperature and decreasing rainfall, become important especially when El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) occurs. Studies on fire are commonly conducted based on the climatic condition such as the dry or wet season, but those which focused on analysis of fire occurrences with the specific ENSO phases are still limited. This study aims to identify the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall, land surface temperature, and soil moisture and analyses the distribution of hotspots in Kalimantan from 2014 to 2020 during different ENSO phases. The data used are Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for hotspot analysis, Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) for rainfall analysis, MODIS Land Surface Temperature (LST) for surface temperature analysis and Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) for soil moisture analysis. The methods used were descriptive and spatial analyses based on each ENSO phase, which were then combined to analyse the temporal and spatial distribution of fire, rainfall, LST and soil moisture. The temporal distribution shows a positive relationship between ENSO, rainfall, LST, soil moisture and hotspots with a confidence level of 90% in the dry months of August–October. Fire occurred in most parts of West and Central Kalimantan, associated with low elevation, organic soil types and agricultural peatland. The average trend of increasing hotspots is 17.4% in the El Nino phase and decreasing hotspots by 84.7% in the La Nina phase during August–October in Kalimantan.

The Analysis of Fire Hotspot Distribution in Kalimantan and Its Relationship with ENSO Phases

Department of Environmental Geography, Faculty of Geography

Quaestiones Geographicae

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Kalimantan experiences fire hazards almost every year, which threaten the largest tropical forest in Southeast Asia. Climatic conditions, such as increasing...

No.	Data	Source	Organisation	Access	Spatial resolution	Temporal resolution
1.	Hotspot	Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer MODIS (MCD14ML) 2014–2020	The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)	lpdaac.usgs.gov/tools/appeears/	1 km	Daily
2.	Satellite precipitation data	Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) 2014–2020	The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (JAXA)	giovanni.gsfc.nasa.gov/giovanni/	0.1°	Monthly
3.	Land Surface Temperature	Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer MODIS (MOD11A1.006) 2014–2020	The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)	lpdaac.usgs.gov/tools/appeears/	1 km	Daily
4.	Soil Moisture	Soil Moisture Active Passive SMAP (SPL4SMAU) 2015–2020	The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)	lpdaac.usgs.gov/tools/appeears/	9 km	Daily
5.	Meteorological station data	Indonesian Bureau of Meteorology	Badan Meteorologi dan Klimatologi (BMKG)	dataonline.bmkg.go.id/	–	Daily
6.	Oceanic Nino Index (ONI)	ONI 2014–2020	The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)	origin.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ONI_v5.php	–	Monthly

Level of confidence	Average monthly hotspots			Trend		Trend
	Neutral	El Nino	La Nina	El Nino	Average	La Nina	Average
	[−]			[%]
50%	36 834	42 666	6 838	15.83	17.40	−81.44	−84.70
75%	17 842	20 986	2 893	17.62		−83.79
90%	5 677	6 741	632	18.74		−88.87

The Analysis of Fire Hotspot Distribution in Kalimantan and Its Relationship with ENSO Phases

Published Online: Jan 18, 2023

Page range: 75 - 86

Received: Jul 25, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/quageo-2023-0006

Keywords
fire hotspot, ENSO, rainfall, land surface temperature, soil moisture

© 2023 Rahma Aulia Zahra et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1

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List of data used in this study.

Comparison of hotspots from different levels of confidence during El Nino Southern Oscillation phases.

The Analysis of Fire Hotspot Distribution in Kalimantan and Its Relationship with ENSO Phases

Published Online: Jan 18, 2023

Page range: 75 - 86

Received: Jul 25, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/quageo-2023-0006

Keywordsfire hotspot, ENSO, rainfall, land surface temperature, soil moisture

© 2023 Rahma Aulia Zahra et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

List of data used in this study.

Comparison of hotspots from different levels of confidence during El Nino Southern Oscillation phases.

Keywords
fire hotspot, ENSO, rainfall, land surface temperature, soil moisture