<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Mechanisms of sex determination in plants are popular research topic. Research studies are initiated to describe sex determination mechanisms and develop molecular methods for sex differentiation in plant species where sexual dimorphism is weakly expressed or absent at the early stages of development. This study presents different mechanisms of sex determination in plants, identifies unexplored areas and discusses problems which limit our knowledge of the subject.</abstract>

Mechanisms of Sex Determination in Plants

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The article covers the results of a survey of the vascular flora of the peat-bogs and forest swamps of the Kotlina depression in southern Poland. Unexpected concentrations of calcicolous plants are shown to exist and the factors governing their presence are discussed. The discovery of previously unexpected glacial relicts is also examined in the context of the area’s importance in phytogeographical studies of Eastern Europe. A number of observed, but unexplained, discrepancies in the distribution of a small number of relic species have been identified and are given as possible worthwhile lines of further research.</abstract>

A survey of flora and the governing factors in the Kotlina Orawska-Nowotarska Depression, Southern Poland

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>Fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaroidea) of the Gemer region (Central Slovakia): Part 2 - Mycetophilidae</title>A total of 317 species of Mycetophilidae are recorded from the Gemer region in central Slovakia. The material was obtained mainly in the years 2008-2011 by means of Malaise traps and by individual collecting by the authors. A new species of <italic>Mycetophila</italic> Meigen, <italic>M. gemerensis</italic> sp. n., is described and additional 47 species are recorded as new to Slovakia. A new synonym is proposed: <italic>Mycetophila quadra</italic> Lundström, 1909 = <italic>M. chamberlini</italic> (Laffoon, 1957) syn. n.</abstract>

University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, CZ-710 00 Ostrava & Silesian Museum, Tyršova 1, CZ-746 01 Opava, Czech Republic

Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Riia st 181, 51014 Tartu, Estonia

Fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaroidea) of the Gemer region (Central Slovakia): Part 2 - Mycetophilidae

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Aeshna caerulea (Azure Hawker) is present as a post-glacial relict in central European mountains. This species is listed as critically endangered in the Czech Republic (very restricted distribution occurring in two isolated populations) and the European population trend of this species is decreasing. The main objective of the study was to estimate the population size of A. caerulea in the Úpa bog National Nature Reserve (Czech Republic) using capture-mark-recapture data. Population estimates of adults using the Schnabel method was 425 (the 95% confidence limits: 248.1 / 992.3), and using the Schumacher-Eschmeyer method was 416 (the 95% confidence limits: 326.8 / 570.4). Imago activity became apparent at the beginning of July. This study has suggested that the possible future threats for the A. caerulea in the Czech Republic are drying up, air nitrogen depositions, eutrophication, pollution of water by external sources, and terrestrification, mainly as a result of global warming.</abstract>

Population size estimation of Aeshna caerulea (Odonata: Aeshnidae) in the Czech part of Úpské rašeliniště bog (Giant Mountains)

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Field revision of current distribution of mountain hawkweeds (Hieracium s. str.) in the Hrubý Jeseník Mts was undertaken. Hieracium atratum, H. chlorocephalum, H. engleri, H. grabowskianum and H. plumbeum, whose last occurrence was documented many decades or even a century ago, were rediscovered. H. plumbeum was even found in new localities. The occurrence of H. alpinum, H. bifidum, H. chrysostyloides, H. inuloides, H. nigritum, H. prenanthoides, H. silesiacum, H. stygium and H. villosum was ascertained at many of their historical localities and a few new localities were found too. A neophyte species H. mixtum was discovered. Hieracium moravicum was not found. Accurate locality description and population size are provided for each finding. Herbarium revision and excerption of crucial literature were performed to provide historical distribution. Distributional changes as well as threatening and beneficial factors influencing Hieracium species in the Hrubý Jeseník Mts are discussed.</abstract>

Distribution of mountain hawkweeds (Hieracium s. str.) in the Hrubý Jeseník Mountains

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Several species of the genus Cryptomonas EHRENB. are characterized by the sigmoid (S-shaped) form of their cells under natural conditions. Such species were sampled and studied by the author for decades from the plankton of freshwater lakes, dam reservoirs, fishponds, and peat pools, from among littoral vegetation, as well as in small water bodies overgrown with vegetation. After application of optical microscopes on live or chemically treated specimens, they were measured and depicted. Four species known from literature are demonstrated to be easily determinable, namely Cryptomonas curvata, C. reflexa, C. marssonii, C. gracilis. Two new varieties are described. Cryptomonas borealis is shown as a transient species between straight and sigmoid cells. A special attention is given to the occurrence of pyrenoids and Maupas corpuscles within the cells. The new forma of C. cylindrica is pictured and described, with the antapex of the cells deformed differently from sigmoid species.</abstract>

Light microscopical observations of the sigmoid species of the genus Cryptomonas Ehrenberg (Cryptophyceae) and their eventual pyrenoids

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Based on the published findings (Koštejnová 2013, Slezáková 2014, Gajdošík 2020), unpublished data from museum specimens (2005 – 2013), and data from field surveys (2005 – 2023), a total of 13 bat species were recorded in the urban area of Ostrava in North Moravia. Common species in the area included <italic>Pipistrellus pipistrellus</italic>, <italic>Nyctalus noctula, Eptesicus serotinus</italic>, <italic>Myotis daubentonii</italic>, and <italic>Vespertilio murinus</italic>. <italic>P. pipistrellus</italic> was eudominant species (D = 74.41), followed by <italic>N. noctula</italic> (D = 11.41). <italic>E. serotinus</italic> was a subdominant species (D = 4.59), followed by <italic>M. daubentonii</italic> (D = 3.77) and <italic>V. murinus</italic> (D = 2.45). The occurrence of <italic>M. mystacinus/brandtii</italic> was recendent (D = 1.33), and the occurrence of <italic>M. nattereri</italic> (D = 0.51), <italic>E. nilssonii</italic> (D = 0.51), <italic>P. pygmaeus</italic> (D = 0.31), <italic>Plecotus auritus/austriacus</italic> (D = 0.31), <italic>Pipistrellus nathusii</italic> (D = 0.20), <italic>N. leisleri</italic> (D = 0.10), <italic>M. myotis</italic> (D = 0.10) and <italic>M. brandtii</italic> (D = 0.10) were subrecendent. In the summer season, eudominant species were <italic>P. pipistrellus</italic> (D = 76.84), followed by the <italic>N. noctula</italic> (D = 10.63), subdominant <italic>E. serotinus</italic> (D = 4.74), and <italic>M. daubentonii</italic> (D = 3.89), with <italic>M. mystacinus/brandtii</italic> being recendent (D = 1.37). In the winter season, eudominant species were <italic>V. murinus</italic> (D = 62.50), followed by the <italic>N. noctula</italic> (D = 34.38) and subdominant <italic>P. nathusii</italic> (D = 3.13). However, the species composition inside and outside buildings differed significantly. In the summer season, eudominant species inside buildings was <italic>P. pipistrellus</italic> (D = 99.57), followed by the subrecendent species <italic>V. murinus</italic> (D = 0.29) and <italic>M. daubentonii</italic> (D = 0.14). Outside buildings, <italic>N. noctula</italic> (D = 40.16) were eudominant, followed by <italic>E. serotinus</italic> (D = 17.72), <italic>P. pipistrellus</italic> (D = 14.17), and <italic>M. daubentonii</italic> (D = 14.17), with <italic>M. mystacinus/brandtii</italic> (D = 5.12) was dominant, and <italic>M. nattereri</italic> (D = 1.97), <italic>E. nilssonii</italic> (D = 1.97), <italic>P. pygmaeus</italic> (D = 1.18), and <italic>P. auritus/austriacus</italic> (D = 1.18) were recendent species. In the winter season, eudominant species inside buildings were <italic>V. murinus</italic> (D = 68.75), followed by <italic>N. noctula</italic> (D = 25.00), and the situation was very similar outside the buildings during this period, with eudominant <italic>V. murinus</italic> (D = 56.25) and <italic>N. noctula</italic> (D = 43.75). Two roosts of the maternity colonies <italic>P. pipistrellus</italic> were recorded in city buildings: in Výškovice, Lumírova 10, in a expansion joint near the balcony on the top floor of a panel residential building; and in Zábřeh, Plzeňská 2617/4 and Plzeňská 2617/6, in expansion joints on the top floors of an old panel building used as a hostel and apartment building.
</abstract>

Bats of the Ostrava city and their synantropization

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This study summarizes 17-year results of teriological research of small mammal fauna in Košice Zoo (near the village of Kavečany, 48°47’10.04”N, 21°12’3.26”E, 380 – 420 m a.s.l.). The small mammals evaluated in this study were obtained by trapping in three periods (1992 – 1994, 2000 – 2001, 2003 – 2004) and were the results of three diploma theses. In total, 688 small mammals belonging to 13 species of four families Soricidae, Gliridae, Cricetidae and Muridae were recorded by trapping during the study period. Rodents significantly dominated with 8 species, 583 ex. (84.7%) compared to insectivores represented by 5 species, 105 ex. (15.3%). A gradual diversity decline of small mammal fauna was recorded, with only four mammal species confirmed in 2003 – 2004. This marked difference over the last 17 years was probably the result of anthropic modifications of the Zoo area, mainly the cutting of trees and shrubs of the alluvium, technical modifications of the streambeds as well as the deratization of the building areas and animal enclosures. The assemblage’s structure of captured small mammals could also be influenced by other factors, such as the predominant type of traps used, or the number of exposed traps in the vegetation and non-vegetation periods of the year. The obtained results are also a suitable basis and source of information for comprehensive and long-term monitoring in this area, given the epidemiological importance of this group of animals and the possibility of contact with exotic animals.
</abstract>

Temporal changes in small mammal (Eulipotyphla, Rodentia) assemblages in Košice Zoo (Slovakia)

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The study is focused on the distribution of the critically endangered <italic>Lopinga achine</italic> in the Hlučín region, near the border to Poland. <italic>Lopinga achine</italic> has been considered extinct there since the early 1970s. The paper provides data on the current distribution at several new localities in the vicinity of Vřesina near Opava, Píšt, Hať and Děhylov (Silesia). The population of <italic>L. achine</italic> is not abundant in the Hlučín region. Host plant of the larvae is the sedge <italic>Carex brizoides</italic>, which makes it different from most other European populations. Currently, two isolated populations of <italic>L. achine</italic> survive in the Czech Republic (i.e. populations in Silesia and southeastern Moravia). Both the populations are threatened with extinction due to changes in forest management.
</abstract>

Woodland Brown <italic>Lopinga achine</italic> (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) still surviving in the Hlučín region?

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Central European mountains are important diversity centers of the genus <italic>Hieracium</italic>. Here, we provide an account of the genus in supramontane to subalpine zones of summit parts of Mt. Králický Sněžník, based on a detailed field inventory in 2021 and 2022. Ten species were recorded (<italic>H. chrysostyloides, H. moravicum, H. nigritum, H. nivimontis, H. obscuratum, H. schustleri, H. stygium, H. uechtritzianum, H. murorum, H. lachenalii</italic>), of which two (<italic>H. moravicum</italic> a <italic>H. obscuratum</italic>) were found here for the first time. New data about their ecology and habitat requirements are given and causes of their threat are discussed. The study also contains a summary of historical data relating to the locality.
</abstract>

Distribution and current status of mountain hawkweeds (Hieracium) populations in Mt. Králický Sněžník

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
In this contribution, we present the first records of species from the families Cecidomyiidae, Keroplatidae, Mycetophilidae, and Sciaridae from Slovakia. A total of 45 species were identified, of which 44 species are new to Slovakia—29 in Cecidomyiidae, 3 in Keroplatidae, 8 in Mycetophilidae, and 4 in Sciaridae. New records for central Europe are as follows, <italic>Campylomyza nigroliminata</italic> Mamaev, 1998, <italic>Gynapteromyia brevipalpis</italic> (Mamaev, 1964), <italic>Arctepidosis jamalensis</italic> Mamaev, 1990, <italic>Asynapta magdalini</italic> Panelius, 1965, <italic>Camptomyia oldhammeri</italic> Jaschhof &amp; Jaschhof 2019, <italic>Glemparon sagittifer</italic> Jaschhof, 2013, <italic>Neurepidosis hybrida</italic> Jaschhof &amp; Jaschhof, 2019, <italic>Paratetraneuromyia nobilis</italic> (Felt, 1913), <italic>Porricondyla leacheana</italic> (Walker, 1856), <italic>Pseudepidosis lunaris</italic> Mamaev, 1966, <italic>Stackelbergiella rickebasta</italic> Jaschhof, 2013, <italic>Tetraneuromyia discrepans</italic> Jaschhof &amp; Jaschhof 2019, <italic>T. moldaviensis</italic> (Spungis, 1987), and <italic>Sciophila minuta</italic> Zaitzev, 1982.
</abstract>

New records of Cecidomyiidae and other Sciaroidea (Diptera) from Slovakia

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
A new biodiversity inventory of opomyzoid families (excl. Agromyzidae) in the Gemer area (Slovakia) is presented with a critical synopsis of previously published data and new records obtained from the Muránska planina National Park and the Cerová vrchovina Protected Landscape Area. The study includes the families Clusiidae (10 species), Acartophthalmidae (2), Opomyzidae (12), Anthomyzidae (14), Aulacigastridae (3), Stenomicridae (2), Periscelididae (5), Asteiidae (7) and Odiniidae (8). For each recorded species remarks on general distribution, biology, faunistic and/or nature conservation importance are provided. Four species, viz. <italic>Aulacigaster falcata</italic> Papp, 1998 (Aulacigastridae), <italic>Periscelis</italic> (<italic>Myodris</italic>) <italic>haennii</italic> Pollini Paltrinieri &amp; Roháček, 2022 (Periscelididae), <italic>Neoalticomerus fabricius</italic> Withers &amp; Papp, 2012 and <italic>Odinia photophila</italic> Papp, 1977 (second known specimen) (both Odiniidae), are recorded from Slovakia for the first time, and 14 other species are new additions to the fauna of the Gemer area, viz. <italic>Geomyza acutipennis</italic> Czerny, 1928, <italic>G. balachowskyi</italic> Mesnil, 1934, <italic>G. breviseta</italic> Czerny, 1928 and <italic>G. subnigra</italic> Drake, 1992 (Opomyzidae), <italic>Anagnota bicolor</italic> (Meigen, 1838), <italic>Anthomyza collini</italic> Andersson, 1976 and <italic>Stiphrosoma cingulatum</italic> (Haliday, 1855) (Anthomyzidae), <italic>Periscelis</italic> (<italic>Periscelis</italic>) <italic>annulipes</italic> Loew, 1858 (Periscelididae), <italic>Asteia elegantula</italic> Zetterstedt, 1847 and <italic>Leiomyza birkheadi</italic> Gibbs, 2007 (Asteiidae), <italic>Neoalticomerus formosus</italic> (Loew, 1844), <italic>Odinia czernyi</italic> Collin, 1952, <italic>O. meijerei</italic> Collin, 1952 and <italic>O. trinotata</italic> Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Odiniidae). First records of <italic>Neoalticomerus fabricius</italic> are also given from Germany, Poland and Czech Republic. Except for the above new faunal records, also the following species are considered interesting and important in the Gemer area because of their rarity or significance from the nature conservation point of view: <italic>Clusiodes gentilis</italic> (Collin, 1912) (Clusiidae), <italic>Stiphrosoma humerale</italic> Roháček &amp; Barber, 2005 (Anthomyzidae), <italic>Podocera soniae</italic> (Merz &amp; Roháček, 2005) (Stenomicridae), <italic>Periscelis</italic> (<italic>P.</italic>) <italic>laszloi</italic> Roháček, 2022 and <italic>P.</italic> (<italic>P.</italic>) <italic>winnertzii</italic> Egger, 1862 (Periscelididae). Diagnostic characters of some species of Odiniidae are emphasized and illustrated.
</abstract>

The fauna of Opomyzoidea (excluding Agromyzidae) in the Gemer area (Central Slovakia): new records 2014–2022

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The traditionally conceived genera Orthotrichum Hedw. and Ulota F.Weber are here reclassified into six genera, Orthotrichum, Dorcadion Lindb., Nyholmiella Holmen &amp; E.Warncke, Pulvigera Plášek, Sawicki &amp; Ochyra, Plenogemma Plášek, Sawicki &amp; Ochyra, and Ulota, based on morphological differences and partially on molecular evidence. The genus Pulvigera includes P. lyellii (Hook. &amp; Taylor) Plášek, Sawicki &amp; Ochyra (Orthotrichum lyellii Hook. &amp; Taylor) which was selected as its generitype. The genus Plenogemma includes P. phyllantha (Brid.) Plášek, Sawicki &amp; Ochyra (Ulota phyllantha Brid.) which was selected as its generitype.</abstract>

Dept. of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, CZ-710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic

Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University Warmia and Mazury, Plac Łódzki 1, 10-728 Olsztyn, Poland and Dept. of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, CZ-710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic

Laboratory of Bryology, Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland

Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University Warmia and Mazury, Plac Łódzki 1, 10-728 Olsztyn, Poland

New taxonomical arrangement of the traditionally conceived genera Orthotrichum and Ulota (Orthotrichaceae, Bryophyta)

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>New records of 110 species of the acalyptrate Diptera family Agromyzidae are given from Portugal, including Madeira, Porto Santo and the Azores. A quarantine plant pest, <italic>Nemorimyza maculosa</italic> (Malloch, 1913), was detected in the Old World for the first time. Details on <italic>Phytobia</italic> xylem- miners and a parthenogenetic <italic>Phytomyza</italic> species are recorded together with new distribution data. For certain species morphological and taxonomic notes and discussions on known or new host plants are added. A complete checklist of Agromyzidae of Portugal is presented.</abstract>

New records of Agromyzidae (Diptera) from Portugal, with an updated checklist

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>First records of fourteen species of moth flies are from Slovakia mentioned: Apsycha pusilla (Tonnoir, 1922), Clytocerus (Boreoclytocerus) splendidus Ježek &amp; Hájek, 2007, C. (B.) tetracorniculatus Wagner, 1977, Jungiella (Jungiella) hygrophila Ježek, 1987, J. (J.) valachica (Vaillant, 1963), J. (Psychocha) laminata (Szabó, 1960), Parajungiella prikryli Ježek, 1999, Pericoma (Pericoma) exquisita Eaton, 1893, P. (P.) ljubiniensis Krek, 1969, P. (P.) vestita Vaillant &amp; Withers, 1993, Psychoda alticola Vaillant, 1973, P. uniformata Haseman, 1907, Pneumia compta (Eaton, 1893) and P. kabelaki Omelková &amp; Ježek, 2012. Records on the basis of larvae of Berdeniella manicata (Tonnoir, 1920), Pericoma (Pericoma) pseudoexquisita Tonnoir, 1940 and Pneumia stammeri (Jung, 1956) in the past are first time confirmed as adults from Slovakia. Some detailed important morphological characters males of two selected species Pericoma (Pericoma) exquisita and P. (P.) pseudoexquisita are figured. All credible and available data of non-biting moth flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Slovakia were summarized (396 localities) and many new collecting sites (visited by different collectors from 1977 to 2013) added (188 localities). A suitable grid mapping for Central Europe was used. A preliminary conservation status of 51 rare species is discussed. The speciesrichness of the psychodid fauna in Slovakia is increased by this paper to 117 species.</abstract>

Department of Ecology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Prešov, 17. novembra 1, SK – 081 16 Prešov, Slovakia

Department of Entomology, National Museum, Cirkusová 1740, CZ - 193 00 Praha 9 - Horní Počernice, Czech Republic

Prodromus of moth flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Slovakia

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The investigation of Psychodidae is still far from finished in the NW part of the Carpathians of the Czech Republic, only 21 species have been published in scattered papers in the past. Altogether 36 genera of moth flies and 84 species including 20 threatened or rare taxa are recorded in this study from 8 localities: 5 mountainous and 3 submountainous sites. Katamormia niesiolowskii (Wagner, 1985) and Threticus negrobovi Vaillant, 1972 are new for the fauna of the Czech Republic, Katamormia strobli Ježek, 1986 and Philosepedon (Philothreticus) soljani Krek, 1971 are new for Moravia (incl. Silesia); three species are new for the Carpathians Mts generally, and 9 for the Carpathians Mts. of the Czech Republic. The total number of moth flies in CZ is increased to 175 species. The communities of moth flies of the preserved areas and localities studied here (in contrast to Kněhyňka 2.) are among the richest sites in the Czech Republic.</abstract>

Department of Entomology, National Museum, Cirkusová 1740, CZ -193 00 Praha 9 – Horní Počernice, Czech Republic

T. G. Masaryk Water Research Institute, p.r.i., Department of Water Quality Protection, Mojmírovo nám. 16, CZ - 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic

Moth flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mts and the Podbeskydská pahorkatina Upland, Czech Republic

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>In the Baltic area, the long-lived dioicous wetland moss <italic>Drepanocladus turgescens</italic> (T.Jensen) Broth. produces sporophytes rarely and at irregular intervals. Based on surveys of sporophyte occurrences at 13 sites in two regions in northern Gotland (Sweden) during three to five years, we ask: (1) Is sporophyte formation associated with precipitation and a precipitation index that considers the dry periods during July-August of the preceding year, when gametangia are formed and fertilization occurs? (2) Does the estimated spore output suffice for the species’ long-term persistence of the (Northern) European population species? In one of the study regions, where <italic>D. turgescens</italic> occurs in depressions, sporophyte formation was associated with the two precipitation parameters. In the other study region, with relatively higher precipitation and exposed occurrences on a slightly sloping bedrock with very little accumulated soil, no such association existed. We suggest that this lack of weather effects results from that the exposed rock habitat requires longer continuously wet periods than the depression habitat to allow for gametangia initiation and development, and fertilisation. Average spore production for six spore capsules, from three Gotland localities was 181,000. Based on the sporophyte counts during the survey years, we estimated the total reproductive output as 411.5 million spores in 2013, and 42.5 million in 2015, in the two respective study regions. Taken together with data on haplotype patterns and considering observations on recent colonisations, we argue that such a relatively low and episodic regional spore production is sufficient to maintain global populations of long-lived species, even if these occur in specialized and geographically restricted habitats.</abstract>

Episodic but ample sporophyte production in the moss <italic>Drepanocladus turgescens</italic> (Bryophyta: Amblystegiaceae) in SE Sweden

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Additional new records of the species from the family Agromyzidae from the Palaearctic Region are presented. New data on the distribution of 104 species are given as follows: Afghanistan (3 species), Algeria (10), Austria (5), Bulgaria (2), Croatia (22), Czech Republic (8 species: Bohemia 5, Moravia 4), Egypt (3), France (2), Germany (1), Iran (1), Italy (3), Kazakhstan (25), Liechtenstein (10), Montenegro (2), Romania (1), Serbia (2), Slovakia (11), Slovenia (3), Spain (5), Turkey (13), Uzbekistan (1). One synonym is proposed: <italic>Ophiomyia crispa</italic> Guglya, 2013 (= <italic>O. hungarica</italic> Černý in Papp &amp; Černý, 2015, syn. nov.).</abstract>

Additional new records of Agromyzidae (Diptera) from the Palaearctic Region

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