<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This exploratory study investigates the impact of technology on the tourist experience. This research analyzed the effect of new technologies on the behaviour of new tourism consumers, the importance of mobile technology in the tourism industry, and the phenomenon of mobile tourism in the change of the tourism experience. It also studied the spillover effect that these changes have had on the use of mobile applications in tourism, trying to understand their impact on the tourism experience. A quantitative and qualitative analysis supported this investigation through a survey of 110 Portuguese tourists using applications and two interviews with administrators of mobile application development companies, and, finally, through the analysis of four case studies. The main conclusion is that smartphones and mobile travel applications can substantially alter the tourist experience. Tourists assume that smartphones have motivated changes in the activities and emotions experienced, especially in social applications that allow them to maintain contact with their friends and families and increase security levels.
</abstract>

Impact of Mobile Applications in Changing the Tourist Experience

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Ecotourism has been described as the ideal kind of tourism, as it aims to conserve the natural, cultural and other tourist resources for continuous use for future generations whilst still bringing benefits to the present societies. Theoretically, it sounds so promising and attractive, but when it comes to its actual implementation, significant constraints bar the way to success. Various countries that attempted to foster sustainable development in their communities, either partially achieved their goals or their implementation totally lapsed. These fruitless efforts clearly reflect the huge gap that still exists between the theory and practice of ecotourism. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap that seems to have been growing in recent years by explaining what has been done wrong and what specific policies and procedures could help bring a positive change. This paper aims to move from theory to practice and concentrate on how the implementation of ecotourism can be achieved properly and lead to success. The key factors responsible for failure are addressed, so they can be avoided and mistakes of the past will not be repeated. It also serves as a guide to more effective strategies of promoting ecotourism successfully around the world.</abstract>

From theory to practice of ecotourism: major obstacles that stand in the way and best practices that lead to success

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Food business has become a popular trend for entrepreneurs these days. However, it seems that many entrepreneurs do not know how important is the first impression and the services offered to their guests. Consequently, many restaurants have a generally poor service, and therefore, many are closed as soon as they are opened. This study concerns more on how the first impression works in a fine-dining restaurant; hence, restaurateurs will able to know how to build on a customer’s good first impression. Previous studies, experts’ opinions, and the theories related to the topic of this study were referred and used in this study. The study was carried out in restaurant ‘C’, located in Tampere, Finland. Samples were collected from the guests who visited the restaurant ‘C’. This study contributes new knowledge regarding the first impression, and how it affects the customers’ decision behaviour as well as three different types of service clues (mechanic, humanic, and functional clues) and how they influence the customers’ perception.</abstract>

Taylor’s University School of Hospitality, Tourism & Culinary Arts, No.1 Jalan Taylor’s, Subang Jaya – 47500, Selangor,

The first impression in a fine-dining restaurant. A study of C Restaurant in Tampere, Finland

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Several are the motivations and natures of the activities undertaken by tourists, leading to the existence of different types of tourism, which, according to the World Tourism Organization, can be divided into major segments (e.g. Sun &amp; Beach Tourism, Ecotourism and etc.); each one with its own subcategories, as the religious tourism, experience tourism and so on. So, would it be possible to talk about drug tourism? Where, the drug itself would present a significant role as a motivation for travelling. Drug tourism could be seen as the journeys undertaken with the purpose of obtaining or using drugs, which are not available or are illegal in the tourist origin places. The purpose of this article was to provide a general discussion on the subject of drug tourism. In this task, some important examples were cited and the positive and negative impacts on the country or region of destination, the relationships between the different types of drug tourism with the major segments defined by the UNWTO, as well as new perspectives in this field were also discussed. As a case study, were presented information about cannabis tourism in Amsterdam, Netherlands (derived from literature searches and questionnaires in field research). This is a topic discussed only superficially but which is an obvious reality in various tourist destinations. Therefore, it is essential the development of a deeper treatment (deprived of prejudices) about the changes occurring in the contemporary world (concerning the drug politics), which may open new frontiers for this type of tourism.</abstract>

Department of Tourism of the State University of Rio de Janeiro (DTUR - UERJ), Av. Lúcio Meira, 233. Várzea, Teresópolis (RJ) – Brasil, Tel: 55 21 36415381

Department of Tourism of the State University of Rio de Janeiro (DTUR - UERJ), Av. Lúcio Meira, 233. Várzea, Teresópolis (RJ) – Brasil

Drug Tourism: General Overview, Case Studies and New Perspectives in the Contemporary World

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> The purpose of this study is to analyse how tourists’ perceptions of a destination’s tourism product influences memorable tourism experiences and how gender differences influence tourists’ perceptions of tourism product. To achieve these objectives, Uganda, one of the developing economies in East Africa, was chosen. The five A’s of tourism product was used as a basis for the questionnaire construction and data was analysed. Explanatory research design within the framework of confirmatory factor analysis - a structural equation modelling technique was adopted using the AMOS 18 program. A sample of 501 respondents consisting of tourists departing Uganda through Entebbe International Airport was used.Results showed that both the measurement and structural models exhibited better model fit indices. Overall, tourists’ perceptions of the retained four dimensions of tourism product (Attractions, ancillary services, amenities and accommodation) had a positive effect on memorable travel experience. Additionally, the independent T-test for gender and tourists’ perceptions of Uganda’s tourism product showed that on average, females had a positive evaluation of Uganda tourism product compared to their male counterparts. However, the observed difference was not significant.It is recommended that destination management organisations pay attention to infrastructure, particularly transport that links potential and actual tourists to key tourism attractions. This is likely to enhance positive perceptions and was found to positively influence memorable travel experience. Other implications for destination branding are discussed. </abstract>

International Hospitality Management, Stenden University Qatar, P. O. Box 36037 Doha, State of Qatar. T: +9744888116 Ext.416, M: +97450108950

School of Hotel and Tourism Management, Kowloon Hong Kong SAR, China

International Centre for Tourism & Hospitality Research, School of Tourism, Bournemouth University, Poole, United Kingdom

The effect of tourists’ perceptions of a tourism product on memorable travel experience: Implications for destination branding

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>This study investigates the link between the different service characteristics that have an influence on customer satisfaction in university cafeteria food services. A conceptual model comprising of different variables like food and beverage quality, service quality, food choice, price and value equality, and ambience were studied for customer satisfaction to explore the relationship among them. This study examined how dining experiences influence the satisfaction and loyalty of both non-mature (students) and mature (staff) customers, in order to find their similarities and differences within the context of university cafeteria services. The study was conducted at Taylor’s University in Malaysia by using a quantitative research approach, and 231 students and 63 staff members of the university participated in the study. The findings reveal that the various quality factors considered in the study are positively correlated with customer satisfaction and have a significant impact on the satisfaction level of both students and staff who dined at the university cafeteria. It could be concluded from the results that the influence of price offered at the university cafeteria had a significant effect on respondents’ loyalty. The result of this study offers a direction towards better the services and facilities, which lead to an increase of the competitive influence of the restaurant business in the marketplace.</abstract>

Exploring customer satisfaction with university cafeteria food services. An empirical study of Temptation Restaurant at Taylor’s University, Malaysia

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
While a substantial body of empirical evidence exists supporting the tourism-led growth hypothesis, more limited evidence exists regarding the dynamics of the relationship between tourism and economic growth in the island context, with important questions remaining to be answered regarding the linearity and symmetry of the relationship. Policymakers would benefit greatly from such knowledge as they attempt to harness inbound tourism as an engine of economic growth. This study contributes to bridging this important gap in knowledge by investigating the dynamics of the relationship between tourism and GDP in Madeira, a small-island autonomous region of Portugal. The analysis employs an asymmetric nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model, using data from 1976 to 2019. The results confirm unidirectional causality between tourism and GDP, thus corroborating the tourism-led growth hypothesis. The relationship is also found to be asymmetrical, where the retarding effect of falling tourism receipts is significantly stronger than the stimulus effect associated with increasing tourism receipts. Significant non-linear effects are also found in each adjustment pathway. In terms of policymaking, while this study confirms that investing in tourism can be an effective way of promoting economic growth, efforts should also be made to diversify both the tourism sector and the wider economy to reduce exposure to downside risks.
</abstract>

Modelling of nonlinear asymmetric effects of changes in tourism on economic growth in an autonomous small-island economy

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Attractions are crucial in contributing to the overall satisfaction of visitors in tourism, and ensuring the satisfaction of visitors is key to the sustenance of attractions at destinations. Therefore, this study sought to ascertain the extent to which visitors are satisfied with the service dimensions at Kakum National Park (KNP), and to ascertain whether service dimensions vary with visitors’ socio-demographic characteristics. The study adopted a cross-sectional field survey and sampled 367 respondents for data collection using a questionnaire. Data were analysed via the mean scores and standard deviation. Independent t-tests and ANOVA were used to explore the difference between dimensions of satisfaction and socio-demographic characteristics of visitors. The study found that some satisfaction dimensions at the KNP in the Central region of Ghana vary with certain socio-demographic characteristics of visitors, namely age, continent of origin and level of education, at p-value ≤ 0.05. Visitors were found to be satisfied with all measured dimensions except the price. The study therefore recommends that the management of the attractions adopt conscious service strategies to enrich the experience of visitors in order to ensure better value for their money. This study’s findings expand knowledge about visitor satisfaction and how satisfaction dimensions vary with socio-demographic characteristics at destinations.
</abstract>

Dimensions of Visitor Satisfaction at Attractions: A Study of Kakum National Park, Ghana

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The Cappadocia region is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Turkey, and its tourism sector has a significant share in the Turkish economy. In this study, we scraped TripAdvisor reviews of visitors of the Cappadocia region with the Python programming language and used them to analyse public sentiment using various supervised machine learning algorithms. The main purpose of the study is to help create competitive intelligence on both regional and global scales using social media data. For this, we applied Random Forest, Naïve Bayes, and Support Vector Machine methods to classify 4,770 reviews and get insights about the visitors’ perspectives. Results show that the majority of the tourists (90%) had a positive experience during their visit. Most of the complaints focused on the attitudes of staff members. In addition, all three supervised machine learning methods achieved high accuracy in their classification of the reviews. This study is significant in terms of providing a meaningful database for understanding visitor comments, the most important data for the development of tourism in the region, through state-of-the-art machine learning methods, and to direct improvements accordingly.
</abstract>

Sentiment analysis of reviews on cappadocia: The land of beautiful horses in the eyes of tourists

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Employees have suffered as a result of bad organisational practices, and they now perceive the workplace as unfriendly. In recent years, there has been an upsurge in the search for a remedy for this. This study looks at the impact of paradoxical leadership, which is beneficial when it takes a two-way approach to leadership. This study investigated the link that exists between paradoxical leadership styles and workers using the Theory of Social Exchange. In California, USA, 200 surveys were collected from restaurant staff. We examined the data using structural equation modeling to hypothesise linkages. It was shown that paradoxical leadership had a negative association with job insecurity, amotivation, and organisational tolerance for workplace incivility, while having a favorable relationship with employee psychological safety. Job insecurity, on the other hand, partially and fully mediates the link. The findings have implications for managers and the organisation overall. This is the first study that tries to investigate this relationship in the restaurant industry using paradoxical leadership and incivility.
</abstract>

Can Paradoxical Leadership Be the Game Changer in Driving Organisations against Negative Practices?

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The main aim of this study is to examine post-pandemic travel intentions and the factors affecting domestic tourism in Turkey. For this purpose, a scale adapted to the field of tourism, based on Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behaviour, was used to collect the data forming the basis of the research. A total of 611 valid questionnaires were collected through the popular social media platform LinkedIn, with the questionnaire prepared between January 10 and April 29, 2022. SmartPLS 3 and SPSS were used for analysis. The resulting data were analysed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). It was determined that the variables of Attitude, Subjective Norm, and Perceived Behavioural Control had a significant effect on post-pandemic travel intention. It was determined that domestic tourism participants intend to travel, but have a desire to do preliminary research on pandemic controls in the city they plan to visit.
</abstract>

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on travel behavior: A case study of domestic inbound travelers in Turkey

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This study investigates the mediating role of work engagement in the correlation between employees’ interpersonal adaptability and their ability to cope with uncertain and unpredictable work situations. Data were collected from 502 people working in the food and beverage departments of five-star hotels in Türkiye through a questionnaire. The features of the items of the constructs in the research model were tested by applying the SPSS/AMOS 22.0 software structural equation analysis package with the maximum likelihood (ML) method of estimating with a two-step approach. The results show that interpersonal adaptability has a positive impact on dealing with uncertain and unpredictable work situations, and work engagement has a substantial effect. Moreover, interpersonal adaptability has a positive impact on work engagement. In the light of the findings obtained from this research, theoretical contributions and practical suggestions are presented to practitioners and researchers.
</abstract>

The mediating role of work engagement on the relationship between interpersonal adaptability and dealing with uncertain and unpredictable work situations

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Customer engagement can be used as a proxy in customer behaviour research for evaluating customer relationships towards a company and/or brand. Companies are increasingly recognizing the value of establishing close customer relationships. The objective of the research was to explore the associations among customer engagement dimensions and loyalty for evaluating customer relationships in hotel industry. Furthermore, the study evaluated the level and influence of new customers and repeat customer segments. The questionnaires were completed by 240 customers from five star hotels (30% customers) and four star hotels (70% customers) in Jammu and Kashmir, India. Descriptive, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and regression analysis were used to test the constructs. The results suggested that customer engagement (CE) makes a substantial contribution to the prediction of loyalty in building customer relationships. The findings proposed that hoteliers can actively incorporate strategies to enhance CE, which eventually develops a sustainable loyal customer relationship. The results could be effective to hoteliers in engaging customers while marketing, branding, differentiating and segmenting its products and services in building loyal customer relationships. Moreover, segmenting the customers offers a deeper and more inclusive knowledge of nature of customer relationships and how engagement can be fostered and developed among diverse customer segments.</abstract>

Customer engagement for evaluating customer relationships in hotel industry

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Traveller’s wishes, needs and expectations keep changing constantly as destinations vie with each other to increase their share from the international tourism pie. Destinations need to offer qualified service and renew themselves continuously. In this context, tour guides as key representatives of destinations play a significant role on tourist satisfaction and re-visit intention. This research aims to ascertain the role played by tour guides on the satisfaction level of tourists participating in guided tours in Istanbul. Another aim of this research is to determine the impact level of tour guides on the possible re-visit intention of tourists to the same destination. Based on 530 completed surveys from international tourists, the findings revealed a significant relationship between tourist satisfaction, re-visiting intention and tour guiding service. Following the evaluation of the findings, recommendations were developed for the tourism industry.</abstract>

Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Tourism, Department of Tourism Guidance, Balatçık Campus, Balatcik Yerleskesi, Cigli 35620, Cigli-Izmir, Turkey, Phone: 0090-554 8217385

Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Tourism, Department of Tourism Guidance, Balatçık Campus, Cigli-Izmir, Turkey

Role of tour guides on tourist satisfaction level in guided tours and impact on re-visiting Intention: a research in Istanbul

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Terrorism, pandemic diseases, and other threatening events have recently heightened the sense of personal risk for tourists considering international travel. This article addresses the paucity of research assessing perceptions of risk both before and during travel to risky destinations. Tourists on two nature tours in Mexico were interviewed and observed while engaged in the travel. Many types of specific perceived risks were uncovered, including insect-borne disease, traffic accidents, financial losses, and unattained goals. Some correlates of perceived risk were tour company reputation, stage of family life cycle, age, and motivation. Based on the types of perceived risk and the factors, five propositions are discussed. One unexpected proposition addresses the role of age and states that as the perceived years of physical ability to travel decreases, the tolerance for safety risk increases. Another proposes that eco-tourists with intense, destination-specific motivations are more tolerant of travel risk than those with casual and/or social motivations. The article concludes with suggestions for tour industry managers and directions for future research.</abstract>

Perceptions of personal risk in tourists’ destination choices: nature tours in Mexico

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Tourism is a rapidly growing industry worldwide, and internet technologies are becoming increasingly important in that industry. Online hotel booking website (OHBW) has become an important tool in the marketing of hotel services. In this study, the factors affecting the trust perception of OHBW users were investigated. Data collected from 456 consumers using OHBWs were analysed using structural equation modelling. The results showed that reputation, security, ease of use and risk significantly affected the user's perception of trust. In addition, the perception of trust has a positive effect on customer loyalty. As a result, this study aims to provide useful findings to OHBW managers and researchers who want to increase customer trust and ensure their loyalty.</abstract>

Analysis of Factors Affecting Customer Trust in Online Hotel Booking Website Usage

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European Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation

The Journal of CiTUR Centre of Tourism Research, Development and Innovation

 The European Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation is an international, peer-reviewed journal publishing original research. The journal focuses on current issues in tourism,...

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Five Year Impact Factor

 The European Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation is an international, peer-reviewed journal publishing original research. The journal...