<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>This paper presents research on the impact of printing speed on the strength of a manufactured object and is the next stage of the author's research on the impact of technological parameters of 3D printing on the strength of printed models. The tested universal specimens were printed using the FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) method from PLA (polylactic acid, polylactide). The paper presents the maximum breaking force of the samples and the time of printing samples depending on the printing speed, which varied from 20 mm·s−1 to 100 mm·s−1. The research indicates that the strength of samples decreases with increasing speed. In the range of 50-80 mm·s−1, the strength of the specimens remined at a similar level, however, above 80 mm·s−1, it decreased significantly.</abstract>

Impact of Print Speed on Strength of Samples Printed in FDM Technology

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The paper presents a study on the control of the canned fish seaming with the so-called double seam and statistical analysis of correctness of seaming. The use of standard control charts enabled observation and intervention in case irrelevant parameters occur to keep the stability of the process. Based on the analysis made in Statistica program, a moment could have been captured when a machine had to be regulated in case the value of parameters of the double seam decreased and it had to be concluded unanimously when the most important seaming tools (rolls) should be replaced. A problem that had been solved consists mainly in ensuring the stability of the process during constant monitoring of the seaming process of the canned food.</abstract>

Statitstical Analysis of Correctness of Seaming Canned Food in Food Production with the Use of Standard Control Chart

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The objective of the paper was to analyse possibilities and advantages of energy recovery from municipal solid waste during the thermal treatment in boilers with a moving grate system. The state of the art of Waste-to-Energy (WtE) boilers was investigated mainly by reviewing papers published in scientific journals and at conferences but also by taking into consideration reports from research institutes. The article shows the main aspects that determine the popularity of this type of boilers as well as new solutions which greatly improve the process of thermal treatment of waste. It proves that waste incineration boilers based on the moving grate technology prevail mainly because of its simplicity, reliability and effective energy generation to which special attention was paid. Additionally, the article mentions how WtE boilers are designed and operated to incinerate municipal waste with a great variation in composition with simultaneous notable energy recovery and low environmental impacts. Contemporary development of the Polish WtE infrastructure can be a very important factor influencing the national municipal waste management together with renewable energy and energy efficiency policies.</abstract>

Energy Recovery from Municipal Waste based on Moving Grate Technology

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Evaluation of harvest and postharvest treatment quality of the grains is affected by usage of appropriate equipment and technology. The grain damage depends on its physical and mechanical features. The corn planting has significant representation in European conditions, mainly for food industry purposes. In the work, we were focused on observing of the drying temperature’s impact on the micro-damage of the seeds. The solution of the issue described in the work is closely related to the preparation and solution of the education project KEGA 039SPU-4/2017, and a scientific research project VEGA 1/0718/17 „Study about the effect of technological parameters of the surface coating in agricultural and forestry techniques for qualitative parameters, safety and environmental acceptability“.</abstract>

The Influence of Drying Temperature and Moisture of Corn Seeds Planted on Their Damage

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The objective of the paper was to determine the level of circumferential stress in a wall of an open milk tank and to assess the tank wall degree of utilization according to the FKM Guideline calculation algorithm − Analytical Strength Assessment of Components, Made of Steel Cast Iron and Aluminium Materials in Mechanical Engineering. (German: FKM – Forschungskuratorium für Maschinenbau). The stress level in the tank wall was determined based on analytical calculations and numerical method using the FEA – Finite Elements Analysis. Numerical calculations were made in FEMAP with NX NASTRAN Solver (NASTRAN – NASA Structure Analysis). Similar stress values were found using two independent calculation methods. The difference between obtained stress values does not exceed 2%. Based on the FKM algorithm, the safety factor jges = 1.4 and static capacity of the tank wall ask = 19.7% were calculated.</abstract>

Application of FKM Calculation Algorithm for Determination of Degree of Utilization of A Milk Tank Wall

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The paper presents results of research on selected physico-chemical parameters of engine oils from farm tractors based on the date of their change assumed by the user. 17 samples of used engine oil from farm tractors of various producers and with a varied exploitation course were analysed. Oils for research were collected during oil change, registering the service life of oil each time. They were obtained from service points that repair farm tractors in the region of Lublin Province. The studies were to verify whether a decision concerning oil change taken by tractor users after specific time of operation of an engine was good. Number of exceedings of the threshold values of parameters of engine oil which are responsible for correct lubrication were the basis for evaluation</abstract>

Analysis of Engine Oils from Farm Tractors in the Aspect of their Change

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The aim of the research was to evaluate the influence of the forming die openings shape on processing parameters of the extrusion-cooking process and on the selected properties of gluten-free crisps. The experiment used blends of corn grits, unroasted buckwheat, rice, and dried blackberries. The extrusion process of gluten-free crisps was carried out via a prototype EXP-45-32 single-screw extruder with L/D=16. During the tests, 5 different forming dies were assessed: 2 openings with a diameter of 2 mm each, 1 round opening with a diameter of 3 mm, 1 cross-shaped opening, a star and a heart. During the tests, the processing efficiency and energy consumption of the extrusion process were tested, and the expansion index, bulk density and hardness of the crisps were investigated. The research demonstrated that the forming die shape affects the efficiency and energy consumption of the extrusion-cooking process of crisps. The lowest efficiency was found if a heart-shaped die was used, and the highest efficiency was determined in the case of a star-shape die. Moreover, the highest specific energy consumption was noted when using a star-shaped die during crisps extrusion. Crisps obtained using dies with larger diameters were characterized by a lower expansion index. The complicated shape of the die opening resulted in less expansion of the obtained crisps. The highest bulk density and hardness were found in the case of crisps obtained on a star-shaped forming die.
</abstract>

Influence of the Forming Die Design on Processing and Physical Properties of Gluten-Free Crisps

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Storage is a crucial component of a sustainable and efficient food supply system. Reduction of postharvest losses and waste is a vital strategy to improve efficiency, ensure product availability, and reduce environmental impact. Asparagus (<italic>Asparagus officinalis</italic> L.) boasts a high nutritional value and complex of phytonutrients. Yet, the storage period for fresh asparagus is quite short, leading to rapid quality deterioration. An effective method to extend storage periods involves postharvest treatments using the natural biopolymer chitosan. The aim of the research was to assess the effectiveness of applying sustainable postharvest treatments based on chitosan and rutin, with a focus on losses and waste reduction during asparagus storage. The impact of the applied storage technology on the visual appeal and sensory attributes of asparagus, along with its effects on respiratory metabolism, weight loss, soluble solids, soluble carbohydrates, chlorophylls, and carotenoids, was systematically assessed. The findings indicate that the post-harvest treatment using chitosan and rutin effectively preserves the visual characteristics of asparaguswhen the storage period is prolonged to a week. A major advantage of this technology is a substantial reduction in waste, achieving the levels of 1.0-1.5%. The proportion of standard products post-storage ranged from 94.4% to 96.0%. The treatment with chitosan and rutin efficiently reduces weight loss by half and suppresses the respiration rate, leading to decreased losses in soluble solids, carbohydrates, chlorophylls, and carotenoids during storage. These outcomes underscore the effectiveness of the applied coating in impeding metabolic processes, resulting in minimized quantitative and qualitative losses in the product quality during a prolonged storage.
</abstract>

Effect of Asparagus Chitosan-Rutin Coating on Losses and Waste Reduction During Storage

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The object of the study is the process of separation of seed material according to the seed density on the working surface of the pneumatic sorting table. The main defining design variables and linkage parameters of the equipment are analyzed, which realizes the process of separation of seed materials, and is coordinated with physical and mechanical variables of raw materials. The principles of modeling of seed material layer movement as a multiphase medium are provided. Under the effect of working surface vibrations and the power of an airstream the layer take on the properties of pseudoliquid. The criteria of chosen variables are presented, on which depend quality and quantity indicators of the separation process of seed materials according to the seed density. Optimal values of the separator linkage parameters are analytically determined and dependence diagrams are built. Secant lines of surfaces for a concrete crop (raw material) are performed. The “purity” of heavy fraction during the variation of indicated parameters is studied. It is proved that there are differences in types of the dependences: different decreasing of functions and increasing of airstream velocity. It is obvious that this nature is determined by difference in density of original raw materials. This way the smallest influence a change in the air-stream velocity causes to soybean raw material, as soybean has the biggest density. At the same time, the biggest affect is provoked on sunflower seeds, which have the smallest density among the used types of raw materials, as well as a triangle form.
It is determined that the maximal frequency of the basic fraction, gained by the separation of wheat seed material on PST, is obtained under the airstream velocity in the range 1.3-1.5 m·s−1. For corn the rational air-stream velocity falls in the range 1.3-1.6 m·s−1, for sunflower – 1.2-1.4 m·s−1, for soybean – 1.2-1.4 m·s−1. These figures are valid under the condition of using the relevant rational decisions of frequency and amplitude of vibrations of pneumatic sorting table deck during the separation of grain mixtures, as well as longitudinal and transverse angles of inclination. The veracity of experimental studying results is proved by the corresponding theoretical models of the process.
</abstract>

Determination of Ways of Improving the Process of Separation of Seed Materials on the Working Surface of the Pneumatic Sorting Table

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This study focused on an engineering problem of heat and mass transfer in infrared (IR) assisted heat pump (HP) drying of purple yam including both a drying experiment and theory of heat and mass transfer mathematical equations. The experimental drying of yam by the IR assisted HP drying method was performed to evaluate the effect of IR power on drying rate and heating rate. The input drying parameters included the drying air temperature of 50°C, drying air velocity of 2.5 m·s−1 and IR power of 0, 300 and 350 W, in which, at the IR power of 0 W, the HP-only drying mode was performed. The experimental drying results showed that the IR assisted HP drying method could improve the drying rate and heating rate as compared to HP-only drying. At the IR power of 350 W, the drying time was the shortest (150 minutes), followed by the IR power of 300 W (210 minutes) and HP-only drying (300 minutes). The IR assisted HP drying obtained the high heating rate as the time required for the drying material to reach the drying temperature was about 35 and 25 minutes corresponding to the IR power of 300 and 350 W. While in HP-only drying, it took about 270 minutes for the drying material’s temperature to reach nearly the drying air temperature value. Besides, the comparison between the predicted data by numerically solving the heat and mass transfer equations and experimental drying data was also conducted. The analysis results indicated that the predicted data could be used to predict the experimental data accurately. The theoretical results of heat and mass transfer in the IR assisted HP drying process as well as experimental drying results would be the basis for improving the IR assisted HP drying equipment to achieve the drying efficiency including the drying rate, quality of dried products, and energy consumption.
</abstract>

Heat and Mass Transfer in Infrared Assisted Heat Pump Drying of Purple Yam

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The quality of the manufactured product plays a special role in the food industry. Food producers, in addition to meeting consumer requirements, are obliged to comply with legally sanctioned, rigorous requirements of hygiene and cleanliness at work, as well as the way it is performed. In order to maintain the legally required hygiene rules in production plants specializing in the production of food products, manufacturers implement numerous management systems aimed at maintaining legally imposed guidelines in the field of quality management and occupational health. The article describes the use of the DPMO indicator, which allows for a thorough analysis of process parameters affecting the final quality of the manufactured product. For the analyzed process, the maximum DPMO value for one of the areas is 636364. In nine cases, which constitutes 12.5% of the total, DPMO is 0. The purpose of this article is to identify non-compliances in the field of occupational hygiene in the production plant analyzed using the DPMO indicator and then to introduce improvements. The developed recommendations concern marking, standardization and responsibility for individual processes as well as additional cleanliness inspections.
</abstract>

The Use of the DPMO Indicator to Verify the Fulfilment of Hygienic Requirements in the Food Industry - A Case Study

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Majority of past research on agricultural product production is related with irrigated areas. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the energy use pattern in wheat production planted as dry farming in Northwest of Iran. Initial data were collected by means of questionnaires from farmers and agricultural experts in the area. Energy use efficiency indices, net energy, specific energy, energy productivity, energy intensiveness and the total input of energy and total output were computed. Analysis of the total input energy showed that fuel and chemical fertilizer had the highest energy consumption, and the seeds, labor work and chemical pesticides had the lowest energy consumption in wheat production. Energy use efficiency and energy productivity of 1.79 and 0.748 kg·mJ−1 were obtained, respectively. The total input and output energy were 33927.61 and 60803.81 MJ·ha−1, respectively.
</abstract>

Analysis of Energy Indicators of Dry Farming Wheat Production in Northwest of Iran

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The solid fraction, according to many researches, is an effective organic fertilizer, the activity of which is at the level of mineral fertilizers and even exceeds their effectiveness, while the use of the liquid fraction does not always give positive results. In the article the optimal concentration of the liquid fraction in water solution for fertilization during cultivation of onion for chives in soil was determined. Sediment from biogas production was obtained at the thermophilic fermentation (50ºC) of cattle manure in the laboratory institution which operated at the periodical regime of loading. Fermentation lasted 25 days. Seven variants of plant feeding were assessed: clean water (control), mineral fertilizers (solution of ammonium nitrate in water in the concentration of 1:25), unsolved liquid biofuel fraction and mixture of liquid fraction from the postferment with water in concentrations of 1:10, 1:50, 1:100, 1:500. It was determined that the highest efficiency was observed in case of fertilization of plants with the mixture of liquid fraction from postferment with concentration of 1:500. Along with the increase of liquid fraction concentration and fertilization of plants with water solution of mineral fertilizers, onion productivity dropped slightly. Fertilization of plants with the liquid fraction from postferment resulted in fractional dying of plants and reduction of efficiency. The crop control of nitrogen content proved that in case of every day watering of onion with clean water and mixture of liquid fraction with water concentration of 1:100-1:500 did not exceed the maximum admissible concentration which is 800 mg·kg−1. Thus, in case of onion cultivation for chives, taking into consideration the crop growth and low nitrogen content, it is recommended to use the mixture of liquid fraction with water of 1:500 concentration.</abstract>

Impact of Sediment Formed in Biogas Production on Productivity of Crops and Ecologic Character of Production of Onion for Chives

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> The objective of the paper was to carry out a bibliometric quantitative analysis of publications concerning the application of artificial neural networks in the research area - agriculture and a bibliometric quantitative analysis and subject analysis with regard to agricultural engineering. A number of scientific publications devoted to the ANN found in the data base of the Web of Science - in documents published to 2015 was a basis for the quantitative analysis. Research on the use of artificial neural networks in the research area - agriculture is extending systematically. Moreover, a rapidly growing number of citations prove a continuous increase in the scientists’ interest in possibilities of the ANN applications. The quantitative analysis of scientific publications in 5 selected scientific journals and thematically related to agricultural engineering (indexed in the Web of Science) allowed a statement that 236 scientific articles from 1996- 2015 were related to the ANN application. The biggest number of publications was reported in Computers and Electronics in Agriculture - 118 articles. In 2011-2015 there was a growing trend in dynamics of publishing of scientific papers devoted to the ANN application to agricultural engineering. Thus, we may assume that the research related to application of the artificial neural networks to agricultural engineering will be continued and their scope and number will be still growing. The thematic analysis of the most often quoted publications from 2011-2015 in the journal Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, proved that they concern both the issues related to the classification problem as well as to modelling processes and systems. We should suppose that the subjects related to modelling of drying processes and application of neural networks for image analysis will grow dynamically in the following years.</abstract>

Present Trends in Research on Application of Artificial Neural Networks in Agricultural Engineering

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The paper discusses competitiveness of the agro-industrial sector, which is a multifaceted concept that characterizes its ability to compete in both domestic and foreign markets. Ukraine has significant opportunities to develop the agricultural sector and turn it into a highly efficient branch of economy. Favorable soil and climate conditions, and fertile land contribute to its further development, obtaining agricultural crops in volumes sufficient to meet domestic needs and build export potential. The production process of agricultural goods takes longer than in industry. Therefore, at the stage of determination of the production program of an agricultural enterprise, it is very difficult to respond on time to changes in consumer demand and increase the product competitiveness within the already established production schemes in the markets. Therefore, the purpose of our study is to evaluate the effectiveness of growing the studied crops in a typical farm in Central Ukraine and offer a roadmap for making management decisions when planning a production program. For this purpose, a method based on calculations of the gross margin, total expenses, production thresholds, profitability, and payback of production factors was chosen.
</abstract>

Economic Efficiency and Internal Competitive Advantages of Grain Production in the Central Region of Ukraine

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The aim of the research was to determine the effect of extrusion conditions (various moisture content of raw materials and screw rotation speed), as well as the effect of recipe composition on the process efficiency and the energy consumption during treatment of potato and multigrain products. The efficiency of the extrusion process (Q) was determined by the mass of the product obtained at a given time for all prepared raw material mixtures and the process parameters used, while the specific mechanical energy demand was determined using the SME index. The obtained results allow to conclude that the level of raw materials moisture content had a greater impact on the efficiency and energy consumption of the extrusion process than the variable screw speed during the treatment. The efficiency of the process increased with the increasing moisture of the tested compositions, while a decrease in the requirements of SME was observed. The use of differentiated raw material compositions also influenced the Q and SME values determined during the tests.</abstract>

Process Efficiency and Energy Consumption During the Extrusion of Potato and Multigrain Formulations

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> The paper presents possibilities of using by ‒ products of the agri-food sector, in the form of sunflower husks, for energy purposes. Physical and chemical properties in the form of heat of combustion, calorific value for three moisture levels and ash content for two temperatures of combustion were determined and the carbon content (C), hydrogen content (H) and nitrogen content (N) were calculated pursuant to the PN-EN 15104 standard. Analysis of the heat of combustion and calorific value proved good energy properties of the investigated biomass. For the moisture level of 9%, 16%, 32% the heat of combustion was respectively 19.44 MJ∙kg-1, 17.94 MJ∙kg-1, 15.03 MJ∙kg-1, and the calorific value 18.09 MJ∙kg-1, 16.28 MJ∙kg-1, 13.16 MJ∙kg-1. The average ash content of the investigated biomass for the combustion temperature of 600°C and 815°C was respectively 2.12% and 2.04. In the analyzed biomass the nitrogen content was determined at the level of 1.57%, carbon of 43.87% and hydrogen of 6.29%.</abstract>

Energy Properties of Sunflower Seed Husk as Industrial Extrusion Residue

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Agricultural Engineering

Online ISSN: 2449-5999, Print ISSN: 2083-1587  The following are published in "Agricultural Engineering" Journal:   scientific papers which include original results of the...

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Online ISSN: 2449-5999, Print ISSN: 2083-1587  The following are published in "Agricultural Engineering" Journal:   scientific papers...