<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Use of transdermal patches can evade many issues associated with oral drug delivery, such as first-pass hepatic metabolism, enzymatic digestion attack, drug hydrolysis and degradation in acidic media, drug fluctuations, and gastrointestinal irritation. This article reviews various transdermal patches available in the market, types, structural components, polymer role, and the required assessment tools. Although transdermal patches have medical applications for smoking cessation, pain relief, osteoporosis, contraception, motion sickness, angina pectoris, and cardiac disorders, advances in formulation development are ongoing to make transdermal patches capable of delivering more challenging drugs. Transdermal patches can be tailored and developed according to the physicochemical properties of active and inactive components, and applicability for long-term use. Therefore, a number of chemical approaches and physical techniques for transdermal patch development are under investigation.</abstract>

, Zawata Road, Nablus-West Bank, Palestinian Authority

Transdermal patches: Design and current approaches to painless drug delivery

<abstract>This study investigates the effect of particle size on the compression characteristics of wet- (fluid-bed granulation - FBG) and dry-granulated (slugging - DGS) tableting mixtures. Particle-size distribution, flowability, compressibility, using the Heckel and Walker model, compactibility and elastic recovery as well as friability and disintegration were determined and compared between the two particle size fractions (180-400 μm, 400-710 μm) and initial unsieved mixtures. The results showed that the particle size of granules had no effect on the compressibility of the FBG and DGS mixtures, due to the high fragmenting nature of the formulation used in this study. On the other hand, compactibility was particle size dependent, as larger-sized fractions showed higher crushing strength, lower friability, and lower elastic recovery. This was attributed to increased fragmentation of larger particles, allowing stronger bonding between uncontaminated surface areas. As a result of better rearrangement of particles, both initial tableting mixtures showed lower compressibility and lower compactibility compared to their sieved fractions.</abstract>

Faculty of Pharmacy, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia

A compressibility and compactibility study of real tableting mixtures: the effect of granule particle size

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>In recent years, there has been a tendency toward creating innovative, easy to use and patient-friendly drug delivery systems suitable for every consumer profile, which would ensure safety, stability and acceptability of a drug. One of the relatively novel and promising approaches is the manufacture of orodispersible films (ODFs), which is an upcoming area of interest in drug delivery. They are defined as polymer thin films that disintegrate in the oral cavity within seconds, without drinking water or chewing, and eliminate the risk of choking. Gaining special usefulness in therapies of children and the elderly, ODFs seem to fill the gap in the range of preparations available for these groups of patients. As no detailed monography of ODFs including testing methods and uniform requirements has been presented in any of the pharmacopoeias to date, the aim of this article is to give an overview of the applied testing methods, their modifications and innovative approaches related to ODF quality assessment.</abstract>

How to assess orodispersible film quality? A review of applied methods and their modifications

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Taking responsibility for your life, among other factors, means also considering what to eat and which nutrition pattern to follow. Everyone needs to think about what they put on the plate and which ingredients should be avoided. Food, as such, will never be a drug or medication, like a painkilling tablet relieving pain in a short amount of time, for example. However, proper nutrition is our ally in the prevention of diseases, maintaining balance in our body and our mind. By following the main principles of a healthy diet, the physiological homeostasis can be managed, as well as faster recovery from disease achieved.This review is aimed at summarizing basic principles of nutrition recommendations and at empowering stakeholders (pharmacists, medical biochemists, physicians) to be able to communicate to their patients and customers healthy and sustainable nutrition choices through the personalized advice.</abstract>

Nutrition – facts and myths

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>(1,4,5-Triphenylimidazol-2-yl-thio)butyric acid hydrazide (3) was obtained via alkylation of 1,4,5-triphenylimidazol-2- thiol (1) with ethylbromobutyrate, followed by addition of hydrazine hydrate. Treatment of acid hydrazide 3 with carbon disulfide in an ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution gave the intermediate potassium dithiocarbazinate salt, which was cyclized to 4-amino-5-[(1,4,5-triphenylimidazol- -2-yl)thiopropyl]-2H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (4) in the presence of hydrazine hydrate. Condensation of compound 3 with alkyl/arylisothiocyanate afforded the corresponding 1-[4-(1,4,5-triphenylimidazol-2-ylthio)butanoyl]-4-alkyl/arylthiosemicarbazides (5-7), which upon refluxing with sodium hydroxide, yielded the corresponding 1,2,4-triazole - -3-thiols 8-10. Under acidic conditions, compounds 4-6 were converted to aminothiadiazoles 11-13. Moreover, the series of Schiff bases 14-18 were synthesized from the condensation of compound 3 with different aromatic aldehydes. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectral analyses. They were also preliminarily screened for their antimicrobial activity.</abstract>

Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences, Taibah University Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah P.O. Box 30002, Saudi Arabia

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology Mohamed Boudiaf Laboratoire de Chimie and Electrochimie des Complexes Métalliques (LCECM) USTO-MB, P.O. Box 1505 Oran El M`nouar, Algeria

Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences, Taibah University Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah P.O. Box 30002, Saudi Arabia 2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology Mohamed Boudiaf Laboratoire de Chimie and Electrochimie des Complexes Métalliques (LCECM) USTO-MB, P.O. Box 1505 Oran El M`nouar, Algeria

King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Saudi Arabia

Synthesis and characterization of some novel 1,2,4-triazoles, 1,3,4-thiadiazoles and Schiff bases incorporating imidazole moiety as potential antimicrobial agents

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
A good therapeutic alliance is relevant for healthcare providers exposed to patients’ suffering, especially since patients and physicians may understand the painful experience differently. Our aim was to explore the impact of therapeutic alliance on analgesic outcomes in a real-world interdisciplinary pain unit (PU). A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on outpatients (<italic>n</italic> = 69) using opioids on a long-term basis for the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain, where clinical pharmacologists and pharmacists advised patients about their opioid treatment. Responses to the patient-doctor relationship questionnaire (PDRQ), sociodemographic and clinical information (pain level, quality of life and hospital use) were collected, whereas pharmacology data (analgesic prescription, adverse events, and compliance) were obtained from electronic health records. Patients were predominantly middle-aged (75 % women, 72 % retired), experiencing moderate pain (VAS 40–70 mm) on average, and under a high morphine equianalgesic dosage (95 ± 88 mg per day, mainly tapentadol or fentanyl). Patients with better PDRQ outcomes, and therefore better therapeutic alliance, showed lower pain intensity than patients with worse PDRQ outcomes (pain intensity: high scores 60 ± 47 mm and medium scores 60 ± 45 mm <italic>vs</italic>. low scores 80 ± 75 mm, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.01). Along with this, pain intensity was lower when patients affirmed that, thanks to the health-care providers, they “gained new insight”, “felt better”, or “felt content with their doctor’s treatment”. What´s more, patients who affirmed “I benefit from the treatment” experienced increased pain relief (benefit 40 ± 30 <italic>vs</italic>. non-benefit 19 ± 26 mm, <italic>p</italic> = 0.010) and improved quality of life (benefit 33 ± 25 <italic>vs</italic>. non-benefit 18 ± 16 mm, <italic>p</italic> = 0.031). However, there was a percentage of patients who did not fully understand the provided information, which is something to be taken into account to improve in clinical routine. Therapeutic alliance supported by pharmacist experts on pain management can be an effective strategy to improve analgesic outcomes. Further efforts are needed to improve communication strategies for pain management. Future directions of research should include the analysis of the role of the pharmacist in poly-professional consultations as related to the advice of patients about their medication, and the mutual trust with the patients.
</abstract>

Therapeutic alliance impact on analgesic outcomes in a real-world clinical setting: An observational study

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Surgery, chemoradiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy are considered dominant treatment strategies for LC in the clinic. However, drug resistance and meta-stasis are two major challenges in cancer therapies. Medicarpin (MED) is an isoflavone compound isolated from alfalfa, which is usually used in traditional medicine. This study was de sig ned to evaluate the anti-LC effect and reveal the underlying mechanisms of MED <italic>in vivo</italic> and <italic>in vitro</italic>. We found that MED could significantly inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest of A549 and H157 cell lines. Basically, MED induced cell apoptosis of LC cells by upregu lating the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins BAX and Bak1, leading to the cleavage of caspase-3 (Casp3). Moreover, MED inhibited the proliferation of LC cells <italic>via</italic> downregulating the expression of proliferative protein Bid. Overall, MED inhibited LC cell growth <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo via</italic> suppressing cell proliferation and inducing cell apoptosis, suggesting the therapeutic potential of MED in treating LC.
</abstract>

Medicarpin suppresses lung cancer cell growth <italic>in vitro </italic>and <italic>in vivo</italic> by inducing cell apoptosis

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
A diastereomeric mixture of racemic 3-phthalimido-<italic>b</italic>-lactam <bold>2a</bold>/<bold>2b</bold> was synthesized by the Staudinger reaction of carboxylic acid activated with 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide and imine <bold>1</bold>. The amino group at the C3 position of the <italic>b</italic>-lactam ring was used for further structural upgrade. <italic>trans</italic>-<italic>b</italic>-lactam ureas <bold>4a–t</bold> were prepared by the condensation reaction of the amino group of <italic>b</italic>-lactam ring with various aromatic and aliphatic isocyanates. Antimicrobial activity of compounds <bold>4a–t</bold> was evaluated <italic>in vitro </italic>and neither antibacterial nor antifungal activity were observed. Several of the newly synthesized <italic>trans</italic>-<italic>b</italic>-lactam ureas <bold>4a–c</bold>, <bold>4f</bold>, <bold>4h</bold>, <bold>4n</bold>, <bold>4o</bold>, <bold>4p</bold>, and <bold>4s</bold> were evaluated for <italic>in vitro</italic> antiproliferative activity against liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), ovarian carcinoma (A2780), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) and untransformed human fibroblasts (HFF1). The <italic>b</italic>-lactam urea <bold>4o</bold> showed the most potent antiproliferative activity against the ovarian carcinoma (A2780) cell line. Compounds <bold>4o</bold> and <bold>4p</bold> exhibited strong cytotoxic effects against human non-tumor cell line HFF1. The <italic>b</italic>-lactam ureas <bold>4a–t</bold> were estimated to be soluble and membrane permeable, moderately lipophilic molecules (log<italic>P</italic> 4.6) with a predisposition to be CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein substrates. The tools PASS and SwissTargetPrediction could not predict biological targets for compounds <bold>4a–t</bold> with high probability, pointing to the novelty of their structure. Considering low toxicity risk, molecules <bold>4a</bold> and <bold>4f</bold> can be selected as the most promising candidates for further structure modifications.
</abstract>

Novel (±)-<italic>trans</italic>-<italic>β</italic>-lactam ureas: Synthesis, <italic>in silico </italic>and <italic>in vitro</italic> biological profiling

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Deguelin exhibits antiproliferative activity against various cancer cell types. Previous studies have reported that deguelin exhibits pro-apoptotic activity against human cancer cells. The current study aimed at further elaborating the anticancer effects of deguelin against multiple myeloma cells. Cell growth estimations were made through MTT assay. Phase contrast microscopy was used for the analysis of the viability of multiple myeloma cells. Colony formation from multiple myeloma cells was studied using a clonogenic assay. Antioxidative assays for determining levels of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were carried out after treating multiple myeloma cells with deguelin. The apoptosis of multiple myeloma cells was studied using AO/EB and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining methods. Multiple myeloma cell cycle analysis was performed through flow cytometry. mRNA expression levels were depicted using qRT-PCR. Migration and invasion of multiple myeloma cells were determined with the wound-healing and transwell assays, respectively. Deguelin specifically inhibited the multiple myeloma cell growth while the normal plasma cells were minimally affected. Multiple myeloma cells when treated with deguelin exhibited remarkably lower viability and colony-forming ability. Multiple myeloma cells treated with deguelin produced more SOD and had higher GSH levels. The multiple myeloma cell growth, migration, and invasion were significantly declined by <italic>in vitro</italic> administration of deguelin. In conclusion, deguelin treatment, when applied <italic>in vitro,</italic> induced apoptotic cell death and resulted in mitotic cessation at the G2/M phase through modulation of cell cycle regulatory mRNAs in multiple myeloma cells.
</abstract>

Deguelin inhibits the proliferation of human multiple myeloma cells by inducing apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest: Involvement of Akt and p38 MAPK signalling pathway

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This study aims to assess the chemical composition of the aqueous extract of <italic>Cistus albidus</italic> L. leaves, as well as the potential of aqueous and hydroethanol extracts of the leaves and seeds as analgesic, anti--inflammatory, and antioxidant agents. The contents of phenolics and inorganic constituents were determined in <italic>C. albidus</italic> seeds and leaves; antioxidant capacity was assessed by 3 complementary and diverse tests. The carrageenan-induced paw edema technique was used to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect <italic>in vivo</italic>, and albumin denaturation to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect <italic>in vitro</italic>. The acetic acid-induced contortion test, the tail-flick test, and the plantar test were used to assess the analgesic effi cacy <italic>in vivo</italic>.
Chemical analysis was performed by UPLC-MS/MS to quantify several phenolic compounds including catechin (1,627.6 mg kg−1), quercitrin (1,235.8 mg kg–1) and gallic acid (628. 2 mg kg−1). The ICP analysis revealed that potassium and calcium were the main inorganic components in the seeds and leaves of <italic>C. albidus</italic>. The hydroethanolic extract of the leaves showed the highest content of polyphenols/flavonoids, whereas the highest value of proantho cyanidins was detected in the aqueous extract of the seeds. All extracts showed potent antioxidant activity related to different phenolic compounds (quercetin, gallic acid, astragalin, catechin, and rutin). The aqueous extract of the leaves strongly inhibited paw edema (76.1 %) after 6 h of treatment and showed maximal inhibition of protein denaturation (191.0 µg mL−1 for 50 % inhibition) and analgesic activity in different nociceptive models. The presented data reveal that <italic>C. albidus</italic> extracts potentially show antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities that could confirm the traditional use of this plant.
</abstract>

Chemical composition and potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic efficacy of <italic>Cistus albidus </italic>L.

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The objective of this study was to determine the mineral content in the leaves and flowers of wild-grown <italic>Sambucus nigra</italic> collected from eleven different locations in Kosovo. The samples were digested in a microwave system using the wet digestion method. The minerals were determined by the application of inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A total of 31 elements were determined, 15 elements by the ICP-AES method (Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Sr, V, and Zn) and 16 elements by the ICP-MS method (Ag, As, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cs, Ga, Hg, In, Li, Ni, Pb, Rb, Tl, and U). The leaves of <italic>S. nigra</italic> show a higher content of minerals compared to the flowers, except for the flower of the sample SN-FL10, which is characterized by a high concentration of Fe, Al, Pb, Be, and Tl. The concentration of heavy metals and toxic elements (Pb, Cd, and Hg) was within the permissible concentrations according to Eur. Ph.
</abstract>

Characterization of mineral composition of leaves and flowers of wild-growing <italic>Sambucus nigra</italic>

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
There is increasing evidence that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a crucial role in the development and progression of malignant tumors, particularly pancreatic cancer. In this study, the influence of the lncRNA <italic>TINCR</italic> on the behavior of human pancreatic cancer cells was investigated with the aim of deciphering its role in growth, migration, and invasion. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to investigate <italic>TINCR</italic> expression in pancreatic cancer cells. Ectopic expression of <italic>TINCR</italic> in PANC-1 cells was induced to evaluate the effects on cell viability and apoptosis, examining the apoptotic genes Bax and Bcl-2. Migration and invasion assays were used to measure the impact of <italic>TINCR</italic> on these cellular processes. <italic>In vivo</italic> studies using a xenograft mouse model examined the effects of <italic>TINCR</italic> on tumor growth, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. PANC-1 cells showed strikingly low <italic>TINCR</italic> expression compared to other pancreatic cancer cell lines. Ectopic <italic>TINCR</italic> expression reduced the viability of PANC-1 cells primarily by inducing apoptosis, as evidenced by increased Bax and decreased Bcl-2 expression. Overexpression of <italic>TINCR</italic> significantly increased the percentage of apoptotic cells. It also decreased the migration and invasion ability of PANC-1 cells, as demonstrated in wound healing and transwell assays. In addition, overexpression of <italic>TINCR</italic>-suppressed proteins is associated with the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in PANC-1 cells. In the xenograft mouse model, overexpression of <italic>TINCR</italic> inhibited tumor growth, EMT markers, and proteins associated with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. This study sheds light on the tumour-suppressive role of <italic>TINCR</italic> in PANC-1 cells and suggests its potential as a therapeutic target. These results shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the impact of <italic>TINCR</italic> on pancreatic cancer and offer promising opportunities for innovative therapeutic strategies to improve outcomes in this serious malignancy.
</abstract>

Long non-coding RNA <italic>TINCR</italic> suppresses growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by inhibiting Wnt/<italic>β</italic>-catenin signaling pathway in human pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells: Insights from <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> studies

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>Design, development and evaluation of novel nanoemulsion formulations for transdermal potential of celecoxib</title>The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of nanoemulsion formulations for transdermal delivery of celecoxib (CXB). The <italic>in vitro</italic> skin permeation profile of optimized formulations was compared with CXB gel and nanoemulsion gel. Significant increase in the steady state flux (<italic>J</italic>ss), permeability coefficient (<italic>K</italic>p) and enhancement ratio (<italic>E</italic>r) was observed in nanoemulsion formulations T1 and T2 (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05). The highest value of these permeability parameters was obtained in formulation T2, which consisted of 2% (<italic>m/m</italic>) of CXB, 10% (<italic>m/m</italic>) of oil phase (Sefsol 218 and Triacetin), 50% (<italic>m/m</italic>) of surfactant mixture (Tween-80 and Transcutol-P) and 40% (<italic>m/m</italic>) water. The anti-inflammatory effects of formulation T2 showed a significant increase (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05) in inhibition after 24 h compared to CXB gel and nanoemulsion gel on carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. These results suggested that nanoemulsions are potential vehicles for improved transdermal delivery of CXB.</abstract>

Design, development and evaluation of novel nanoemulsion formulations for transdermal potential of celecoxib

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Nanosponges are a novel class of hyper-crosslinked polymer based colloidal structures consisting of solid nanoparticles with colloidal sizes and nanosized cavities. These nano-sized colloidal carriers have been recently developed and proposed for drug delivery, since their use can solubilize poorly water-soluble drugs and provide prolonged release as well as improve a drug’s bioavailability by modifying the pharmacokinetic parameters of actives. Development of nanosponges as drug delivery systems, with special reference to cyclodextrin based nanosponges, is presented in this article. In the current review, attempts have been made to illustrate the features of cyclodextrin based nanosponges and their applications in pharmaceutical formulations. Special emphasis has been placed on discussing the methods of preparation, characterization techniques and applications of these novel drug delivery carriers for therapeutic purposes. Nanosponges can be referred to as solid porous particles having a capacity to load drugs and other actives into their nanocavity; they can be formulated as oral, parenteral, topical or inhalation dosage forms. Nanosponges offer high drug loading compared to other nanocarriers and are thus suitable for solving issues related to stability, solubility and delayed release of actives. Controlled release of the loaded actives and solubility enhancement of poorly water-soluble drugs are major advantages of nanosponge drug delivery systems.</abstract>

C. U. Shah College of Pharmacy S.N.D.T. Women’s University, Santacruz Mumbai-400049, India

SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, VileParle Mumbai-400056, India

Cyclodextrin based nanosponges for pharmaceutical use: A review

<abstract>In the era of nanoparticulate controlled and site specific drug delivery systems, use of solid lipids to produce first generation lipid nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), became a revolutionary approach in the early nineties. The present review is designed to provide an insight into how SLN are finding a niche as promising nanovectors and forms a sound basis to troubleshoot the existing problems associated with traditional systems. Herein, authors had tried to highlight the frontline aspects prominent to SLN. An updated list of lipids, advanced forms of SLN, methods of preparation, characterization parameters, and various routes of administration of SLN are explored in-depth. Stability, toxicity, stealthing, targeting efficiency and other prospectives of SLN are also discussed in detail. The present discussion embodies the potential of SLN, now being looked up by various research groups around the world for their utility in the core areas of pharmaceutical sciences, thereby urging pharmaceutical industries to foster their scale-up.</abstract>

R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur-425405, India

Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy and Research, Pune-411033, India

H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur-425405, India

Formulation Research and Development Department, Marksans Pharma., Ltd., Verna Industrial Estate, Verna-403722 India

Baxil Pharma, Pvt. Ltd., Nainital Highway, Shyampur, Haridwar-249408 India

Solid lipid based nanocarriers: An overview / Nanonosači na bazi čvrstih lipida: Pregled

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>Metal ions, Alzheimer's disease and chelation therapy</title>In the last few years, various studies have been providing evidence that metal ions are critically involved in the pathogenesis of major neurological diseases (Alzheimer, Parkinson). Metal ion chelators have been suggested as potential therapies for diseases involving metal ion imbalance. Neurodegeneration is an excellent target for exploiting the metal chelator approach to therapeutics. In contrast to the direct chelation approach in metal ion overload disorders, in neurodegeneration the goal seems to be a better and subtle modulation of metal ion homeostasis, aimed at restoring ionic balance. Thus, moderate chelators able to coordinate deleterious metals without disturbing metal homeostasis are needed. To date, several chelating agents have been investigated for their potential to treat neurodegeneration, and a series of 8-hydroxyquinoline analogues showed the greatest potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.</abstract>

Metal ions, Alzheimer's disease and chelation therapy

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Low oral bioavailability as a consequence of low water solubility of drugs is a growing challenge to the development of new pharmaceutical products. One of the most popular approaches of oral bioavailability and solubility enhancement is the utilization of lipid-based drug delivery systems. Their use in product development is growing due to the versatility of pharmaceutical lipid excipients and drug formulations, and their compatibility with liquid, semi-solid, and solid dosage forms. Lipid formulations, such as self-emulsifying (SEDDS), self-microemulsifying SMEDDS) and self- -nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) were explored in many studies as an efficient approach for improving the bioavailability and dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs. One of the greatest advantages of incorporating poorly soluble drugs into such formulations is their spontaneous emulsification and formation of an emulsion, microemulsion or nanoemulsion in aqueous media. This review article focuses on the following topics. First, it presents a classification overview of lipid-based drug delivery systems and mechanisms involved in improving the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Second, the article reviews components of lipid-based drug delivery systems for oral use with their characteristics. Third, it brings a detailed description of SEDDS, SMEDDS and SNEDDS, which are very often misused in literature, with special emphasis on the comparison between microemulsions and nanoemulsions.</abstract>

Krka, d.d., Novo mesto, 8501 Novo mesto, Slovenia

Fakulteta za farmacijo, 1000 Ljubljana,Slovenia

Lipid-based systems as a promising approach for enhancing the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>A study of rivastigmine liposomes for delivery into the brain through intranasal route</title>The present study is mainly aimed at delivering a drug into the brain <italic>via</italic> the intranasal route using a liposomal formulation. For this purpose, rivastigmine, which is used in the management of Alzheimer's disease, was selected as a model drug. Conventional liposomes were formulated by the lipid layer hydration method using cholesterol and soya lecithin as lipid components. The concentration of rivastigmine in brain and plasma after intranasal liposomes, free drug and per oral administration was studied in rat models. A significantly higher level of drug was found in the brain with intranasal liposomes of rivastigmine compared to the intranasal free drug and the oral route. Intranasal liposomes had a longer half-life in the brain than intranasally or orally administered free drug. Delivering rivastigmine liposomes through the intranasal route for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease might be a new approach to the management of this condition.</abstract>

A study of rivastigmine liposomes for delivery into the brain through intranasal route

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Acta Pharmaceutica

The Journal of Croatian Pharmaceutical Society

 Acta Pharmaceutica (AP) is an international, scientific, multidisciplinary journal, devoted to the pharmaceutical and allied sciences, which contains articles predominantly on core biomedical and...

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 Acta Pharmaceutica (AP) is an international, scientific, multidisciplinary journal, devoted to the pharmaceutical and allied sciences, which contains...

Acta Pharmaceutica

The Journal of Croatian Pharmaceutical Society

Medicarpin suppresses lung cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo by inducing cell apoptosis

Novel (±)-trans-β-lactam ureas: Synthesis, in silico and in vitro biological profiling

Deguelin inhibits the proliferation of human multiple myeloma cells by inducing apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest: Involvement of Akt and p38 MAPK signalling pathway

Chemical composition and potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic efficacy of Cistus albidus L.

Characterization of mineral composition of leaves and flowers of wild-growing Sambucus nigra

Long non-coding RNA TINCR suppresses growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in human pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells: Insights from in vitro and in vivo studies