Otwarty dostęp

Variability of Water Exchange in the Hyporheic Zone of a Lowland River in Poland Based on Gradientometric Studies

Marek Marciniak
Marek Marciniak
, 
Maciej Ziułkiewicz
Maciej Ziułkiewicz
 oraz 
Michał Górecki
Michał Górecki
   | 27 sie 2022
Quaestiones Geographicae's Cover Image
O artykule
Poprzedni artykuł
Następny artykuł
Zacytuj
Data publikacji: 27 sie 2022
Zakres stron: 141 - 156
Otrzymano: 10 maj 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2022-0030
Słowa kluczowe
© 2022 Marek Marciniak et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1

Location of measuring stations.1 – the river bed before the excavation; 2 – contemporary river bed; 3 – IMWM water gauge station (IMWM - Institute of Meteorology and Water Management); 4 – well; 5 – measuring cross-section; 6 – hypsometric section line (ortophotomap: Google Earth Pro).
Location of measuring stations.1 – the river bed before the excavation; 2 – contemporary river bed; 3 – IMWM water gauge station (IMWM - Institute of Meteorology and Water Management); 4 – well; 5 – measuring cross-section; 6 – hypsometric section line (ortophotomap: Google Earth Pro).

Fig. 2

Water level measured in the gauging station of the IMWM in Gieczno during the 2017–2018 hydrological year. Red dots – days of taking measurements. IMWM – Institute of Meteorology and Water Management.
Water level measured in the gauging station of the IMWM in Gieczno during the 2017–2018 hydrological year. Red dots – days of taking measurements. IMWM – Institute of Meteorology and Water Management.

Fig. 3

Changes in the state groundwater and state of Moszczenica levels at the water gauge in Gieczno.
Changes in the state groundwater and state of Moszczenica levels at the water gauge in Gieczno.

Fig. 4

Construction of a gradientmeter. 1 – screen, 2 – piezometer embedded into bottom sediments, 3 – pressure ring, 4 – bracket, 5 – hose to piezometer, 6 – piezometer measuring tube, 7 – measuring tube for surface waters, 8 – valve, 9 – hose submerged in surface waters.
Construction of a gradientmeter. 1 – screen, 2 – piezometer embedded into bottom sediments, 3 – pressure ring, 4 – bracket, 5 – hose to piezometer, 6 – piezometer measuring tube, 7 – measuring tube for surface waters, 8 – valve, 9 – hose submerged in surface waters.

Fig. 5

Grain size analysis of bottom sediments of the Moszczenica River.
Grain size analysis of bottom sediments of the Moszczenica River.

Fig. 6

Place of measurements of the hydraulic gradient on the straight section of the Moszczenica River (the arrow shows the direction of the river flow).
Place of measurements of the hydraulic gradient on the straight section of the Moszczenica River (the arrow shows the direction of the river flow).

Fig. 7

Hypsometric profile of the area in the bottom part of the Moszczenica valley between Wypychów and Gieczno (Fig. 1C). Based on the digital elevation model of the Geoportal of the Łódzkie Voivodship.
Hypsometric profile of the area in the bottom part of the Moszczenica valley between Wypychów and Gieczno (Fig. 1C). Based on the digital elevation model of the Geoportal of the Łódzkie Voivodship.

Fig. 8

Changeability of the hydraulic gradient in the Moszczenica River hyporheic zone during different flow conditions.
Changeability of the hydraulic gradient in the Moszczenica River hyporheic zone during different flow conditions.

Fig. 9

Hydraulic gradient changeability in the river bottom during low water stage. A – Spatial distribution of water depth, B – Spatial distribution of hydraulic gradient.
Hydraulic gradient changeability in the river bottom during low water stage. A – Spatial distribution of water depth, B – Spatial distribution of hydraulic gradient.

Fig. 10

Hydraulic gradient changeability in the river bottom during high water stage. A – Spatial distribution of water depth, B – Spatial distribution of hydraulic gradient.
Hydraulic gradient changeability in the river bottom during high water stage. A – Spatial distribution of water depth, B – Spatial distribution of hydraulic gradient.

Fig. 11

A – Variability of hydraulic gradient in cross-sections along the Moszczenica river bed in the section with a predominance of downwelling, B – Variability of hydraulic gradient in cross-sections along the Moszczenica river bed in the transition zone between the dominant downwelling and upwelling, C – Variability of hydraulic gradient in cross-sections along the Moszczenica river bed in the section with a predominance of upwelling.
A – Variability of hydraulic gradient in cross-sections along the Moszczenica river bed in the section with a predominance of downwelling, B – Variability of hydraulic gradient in cross-sections along the Moszczenica river bed in the transition zone between the dominant downwelling and upwelling, C – Variability of hydraulic gradient in cross-sections along the Moszczenica river bed in the section with a predominance of upwelling.

Fig. 12

Changes in the water flow rate in the Moszczenica River along the downwelling section.
Changes in the water flow rate in the Moszczenica River along the downwelling section.

Hydrological variation in the Moszczenica catchment (based on Jokiel 2004).

Section of Moszczenica Total runoff Groundwater runoff Share of groundwater runoff in the total runoff Specific total runoff Specific groundwater runoff Share of specific groundwater runoff in the specific total runoff
[dm3 · s−1 · km−2] [%] [dm3 · s−1 · km−2] [%]
Upper 4–5 3–4 60–70 6.1–7.0 3.6–4.0 >60
Middle 4–5 2–3 50–60 5.1–6.0 3.1–3.5 56–60
Lower 3–4 <2 40–50 4.1–5.0 2.6–3.0 51–55

Characteristic water level and flow of the Moszczenica River measured in the gauging station in Gieczno in 1971–1990 (after Szczepański 1995).

Water level [cm]
Extremely high stage 316
Extremely low stage 120
Flow [m3 · s−1]
Extremely high flow 9.42
Medium high flow 4.72
Medium mean flow 0.92
Medium low flow 0.29
Extremely low flow 0.17

Water levels in the riverbed, water table in observation wells and hydraulic gradients in the Moszczenica bottom in upwelling zones.

Date Hr No. 6 No. 3 ΔL [m] 875 ΔR [m] 432
Δ (No. 6 – Hr) Grad L Δ (No. 3 – Hr) Grad R
[m a.s.l.] [m] [−] [m] [−]
Oct-15 114.94 116.78 115.95 1.84 0.0021 1.01 0.0023
Nov-15 114.96 116.88 115.87 1.92 0.0022 0.91 0.0021
Dec-15 114.99 117.16 116.10 2.18 0.0025 1.12 0.0026
Jan-16 115.09 117.20 116.07 2.11 0.0024 0.98 0.0023
Feb-16 115.01 117.26 116.13 2.25 0.0026 1.12 0.0026
Apr-16 115.08 117.70 116.43 2.62 0.0030 1.35 0.0031
May-16 114.94 117.30 116.33 2.36 0.0027 1.39 0.0032
Jun-16 114.91 117.50 116.27 2.59 0.0030 1.36 0.0031
Jul-16 114.92 117.10 116.17 2.18 0.0025 1.25 0.0029
Aug-16 114.89 117.20 116.10 2.31 0.0026 1.21 0.0028
Sep-16 114.87 117.15 115.77 2.28 0.0026 0.90 0.0021
Oct-16 114.98 117.20 116.12 2.22 0.0025 1.15 0.0027
Nov-16 115.15 117.28 116.40 2.13 0.0024 1.25 0.0029
Feb-17 115.30 117.50 116.61 2.21 0.0025 1.32 0.0030
Apr-17 115.00 117.26 116.72 2.26 0.0026 1.72 0.0040
May-17 114.94 117.10 116.94 2.16 0.0025 2.00 0.0046
Jun-17 114.88 117.00 116.79 2.13 0.0024 1.92 0.0044
Jul-17 114.91 117.08 116.70 2.17 0.0025 1.79 0.0041
Sep-17 115.13 117.20 116.94 2.07 0.0024 1.81 0.0042
Oct-17 115.12 117.15 117.00 2.03 0.0023 1.88 0.0044
Dec-17 115.17 117.35 116.65 2.18 0.0025 1.48 0.0034
Jan-18 115.20 117.60 116.72 2.40 0.0027 1.52 0.0035
Feb-18 115.08 117.60 116.52 2.52 0.0029 1.44 0.0033
Apr-18 114.98 117.53 116.58 2.55 0.0029 1.60 0.0037
Jun-18 114.89 117.48 116.60 2.59 0.0030 1.71 0.0040
Jul-18 114.93 117.40 116.57 2.47 0.0028 1.64 0.0038
Oct-18 115.00 117.63 116.66 2.63 0.0030 1.66 0.0038
Nov-18 114.97 117.71 116.64 2.74 0.0031 1.67 0.0039
Dec-18 115.02 117.75 116.70 2.73 0.0031 1.68 0.0039
0.0026 gradav 0.0033

Results of the water flow rate measurement in the canal of the Moszczenica.

Canal Distance Flow Comments
[m] [m3 · s−1]
P1 0 1.1747
P2 92 1.0654 In front of the ditch
P3 88 1.1795 Behind the pond
P4 80 1.2264

Granulometric and hydraulic characteristics of the Moszczenica riverbed sediments.

Parameters P1 P4 P9
Fractions
Gravel % (10–2 mm) 5.70 1.26 24.45 2.64 49.37 0.46
Sand % (2–0.1 mm) 85.78 65.48 77.43 76.29 44.06 34.30
Silt % (0.1–0.01 mm) 8.43 29.95 6.14 20.72 6.36 62.76
Loam % (< 0.01 mm) 0.09 3.30 2.13 0.35 0.22 2.48
Equivalent grain diameters and grain distribution unevenness index
d10 [mm] 0.055 0.013 0.088 0.023 0.079 0.013
d20 [mm] 0.086 0.024 0.130 0.048 0.140 0.016
d60 [mm] 0.210 0.120 0.370 0.140 2.300 0.044
Hydraulic conductivity
U 3.82 9.23 4.21 6.09 29.11 3.39
k10 [m · s−1] 1.28 · 10−3 6.77 · 10−5 3.30 · 10−3 3.34 · 10−4 3.91 · 10−3 2.67 · 10−5

Analysis of the hydraulic gradient results in the Moszczenica bottom at different water levels.

Parameter Low water level High water level
A B C D E A C E
Upwelling Downwelling Upwelling Downwelling
Maximum 0.075 −0.000 0.030 −0.000
Minimum 0.000 −0.015 0.000 −0.110
Average 0.016 −0.008 0.018 −0.027
Median 0.010 −0.005 0.025 −0.025
Number 27 6 3 18
Share 81.8% 18.2% 14.3% 85.7%

Statistical analysis of the results of the hydraulic gradient research in the bottom of the Moszczenica for the canal, transitional zone and the natural riverbed.

Parameter Artificial canal Transition zone Natural riverbed Together
P1–P5 P6–P8 P9–P13 P1–P13
Upwelling Downwelling Upwelling Downwelling Upwelling Downwelling Upwelling Downwelling
Maximum 0.005 −0.000 0.045 −0.000 0.055 −0.000 0.055 −0.000
Minimum 0.000 −0.085 0.000 −0.040 0.000 −0.065 0.000 −0.085
Average 0.003 −0.029 0.018 −0.025 0.023 −0.023 0.019 −0.027
Median 0.005 −0.020 0.020 −0.030 0.023 −0.015 0.018 −0.020
Number 3 15 7 4 12 5 22 24
Share [%] 16.7 83.3 63.6 36.4 70.6 29.4 47.8 52.2
eISSN:
2081-6383
Język:
Angielski
Częstotliwość wydawania:
4 razy w roku
Dziedziny czasopisma:
Geosciences, Geography
Kanał RSS czasopisma