Quality of life in road traffic accident survivors

Sociodemographic factors and health status	N	%
Sex
Male	108	54.0
Female	92	46.0
Age group (years)
Younger (18–41)	97	48.5
Older (≥42)	103	51.5
Place of residence
Urban	87	43.5
Rural	113	56.5
Education
Primary	38	19.0
Secondary	125	62.5
Higher education	37	18.5
Employment
Employed	116	58.0
Out of work	52	26.0
Retired from work	32	16.0
Relationship status
Single	71	35.5
Has a partner	129	64.5
Self-assessed economic status
Under average	40	20.0
Average	116	58.0
Above average	44	22.0
Religiousness
No	19	9.5
Yes	181	90.5
Smoking
No	129	64.5
Yes	71	35.5
Alcohol use
No	99	49.5
Yes	101	50.5
Drug abuse
No	197	98.5
Yes	3	1.5
Use of medications
No	98	49.0
Yes	102	51.0
Type of medications
None	98	49.0
Non-psychiatric	78	9.0
Psychiatric	7	3.5
All types	17	8.5
Previous RTAs
No	116	58.0
Yes	84	42.0
Traumatic exposures
No	96	48.0
Yes	104	52.0
Prior PTSD
No	193	96.5
Yes	7	3.5
Chronic disease
No	116	58.0
Yes	84	42.0
Psychiatric disease
No	178	89.0
Yes	22	11.0
Permanent pain
No	181	90.5
Yes	19	9.5

Correlation between quality of life and mental health outcomes after the RTA.

	QoL domains
Mental health	PF	PR	ER	VT	MH	SF	BP	GH
Depression symptoms	r_s=-0.410	r_s=-0.364	r_s=-0.430	r_s=-0.588	r_s=-0.586	r_s=-0.582	r_s=-0.438	r_s=-0.593
	p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation	p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation	p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation	p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation	p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation	p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation	p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation	p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation
Anxiety symptoms	r_s=-0.274	r_s=-0.263	r_s=-0.523	r_s=-0.446	r_s=-0.378	r_s=-0.485	r_s=-0.427	r_s=-0.442
	p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation	p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation	p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation	p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation	p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation	p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation	p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation	p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation
PTSD symptoms	r_s=-0.380	r_s=-0.345	r_s=-0.449	r_s=-0.476	r_s=-0.552	r_s=-0.549	r_s=-0.527	r_s=-0.437
	p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation	p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation	p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation	p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation	p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation	p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation	p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation	p<0.001 Spearman’s correlation

Quality of life of the participants after the RTA.

QoL domains	Median	Interquartile range
Physical functioning	70.0	30.0–100.0
Role limitations due to physical health	0.0	0.0–100.0
Role limitations due to emotional health	100.0	67.0–100.0
Vitality	60.0	50.0–75.0
Mental health	68.0	52.0–76.0
Social functioning	75.0	50.0–100.0
Bodily pain	55.0	33.0–80.0
General health	70.0	55.0–84.0

Health status following the RTA.

Health status following the RTA	N	%
Number of injuries
Without injures	31	15.5
One	45	22.5
Multiple	124	62.0
Injury location
None	31	15.5
Head	18	9.0
Face	2	1.0
Neck	8	4.0
Chest	8	4.0
Abdomen	1	0.5
Spine	3	1.5
Upper extremities	3	1.5
Lower extremities	10	5.0
Several locations	116	58.0
Major injury
Without injuries	31	15.5
Head	58	29.0
Neck	37	18.5
Chest	19	9.5
Abdomen	12	6.0
Upper extremities	17	8.5
Lower extremities	26	13.0
Injury level
Without injury	31	15.5
Minor	96	48.0
Moderate	36	18.0
Serious	28	14.0
Severe	6	3.0
Critical	3	1.5
Self-assessed life-threat
No	108	54.0
Yes	92	46.0
Loss of consciousness
No	168	84.0
Yes	32	16.0
Loss of memory
No	172	86.0
Yes	28	14.0
Hospitalization
No	136	68.0
Yes	64	32.0
Days in hospital
None	136	68.0
1–3	27	13.5
4–10	19	9.5
11 and more	18	9.0
Surgery
No	180	90.0
Yes	20	10.0
Rehabilitation
No	154	77.0
Yes	46	23.0
Pain following the RTA
No	47	23.5
Yes	153	76.5
Symptoms of PTSD
No	129	64.5
Yes	71	35.5
Symptoms of depression
No	160	80.0
Yes	40	20.0
Symptoms of anxiety
No	191	95.5
Yes	9	4.5

RTA details.

RTA details.	N	%
Type of road users
Driver of motor vehicle	122	61.0
Co-driver or a passenger	61	30.5
Pedestrian or a cyclist	17	8.5
Motor vehicles crashed
None	1	0.5
One	92	46.0
Two or more	107	53.5
Injured
None	29	14.5
One	84	42.0
2–3	72	36.0
More than 3	15	7.5
Fatal outcomes
No	195	97.5
Yes	5	2.5
At fault
No	123	61.5
Yes	70	35.0
Unknown	7	3.5
Claimed compensation
No	113	56.5
Yes	87	43.5
Obtained compensation
No	180	90.0
Yes	20	10.0

Factors influencing quality of life following the RTA.

	QoL domains
Factors	PF	PR	ER	VT	MH	SF	BP	GH
Sociodemographic
Gender	p=0.681 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.651 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.020 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.072 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.064 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.408 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.052 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.118 Mann-Whitney U test
Age group	p=0.084 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.204 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.226 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.078 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.012 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.079 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.959 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test
Place of residence	p=0.795 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.098 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.876 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.427 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.096 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.069 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.224 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.469 Mann-Whitney U test
Education	p=0.478 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.045 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.182 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.344 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.152 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.828 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.118 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.034 Kruskal-Wallis test
Employment	p=0.087 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.403 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.037 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.094 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.067 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.988 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.007 Kruskal-Wallis test	p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test
Marital status	p=0.628 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.965 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.101 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.465 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.671 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.874 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.525 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.708 Mann-Whitney U test
Self-assessed economic status	p=0.014 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.032 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.049 Kruskal-Wallis test	p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test	p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.245 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.003 Kruskal-Wallis test	p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test
Religiousness	p=0.898 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.407 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.868 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.010 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.041 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.130 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.072 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.862 Mann-Whitney U test
Pre-RTA health
Body mass index	p=0.182 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.496 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.754 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.319 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.538 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.141 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.612 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.182 Kruskal-Wallis test
Smoking	p=0.620 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.214 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.260 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.056 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.096 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.198 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.510 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.097 Mann-Whitney U test
Alcohol consumption	p=0.020 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.007 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.046 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.009 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.028 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.036 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.005 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.003 Mann-Whitney U test
Drug abuse	p=0.637 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.314 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.969 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.214 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.566 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.500 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.425 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.272 Mann-Whitney U test
Previous RTAs	p=0.840 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.774 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.709 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.589 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.083 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.793 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.864 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.133 Mann-Whitney U test
Previous traumatic exposures	p=0.983 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.510 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.471 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.032 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.116 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.394 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.604 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.031 Mann-Whitney U test
Prior PTSD	p=0.890 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.612 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.986 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.941 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.308 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.882 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.776 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.206 Mann-Whitney U test
Chronic disease	p=0.039 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.026 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.410 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.043 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.073 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test
Psychiatric disease	p=0.435 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.061 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.024 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.057 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.452 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.039 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.010 Mann-Whitney U test
Previous permanent pain	p=0.828 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.771 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.069 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.033 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.172 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.052 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.014 Mann-Whitney U test
Use of medications	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.058 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test
Types of medications	p<0.001b	p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.253 Kruskal-Wallis test	p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test	p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test	p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test	p<0.001b	p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test
RTA injury-related
Injury affliction	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.228 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.061 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.003 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.008 Mann-Whitney U test
Injury severity	p<0.001b	p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.347 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.081 Kruskal-Wallis test	p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test	p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test	p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test	p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test
Self-assessed life-threat	p=0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.013 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.002 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test
Pain following the RTA	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.002 Mann-Whitney U test
Hospitalization	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.200 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.177 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.053 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test
Hospitalization duration	p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test	p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.318 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.244 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.128 Kruskal-Wallis test	p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test	p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test	p<0.001 Kruskal-Wallis test
Surgery	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.281 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.045 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.036 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test
Loss of consciousness	p=0.033 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.088 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.334 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.393 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.597 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.298 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.311 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.355 Mann-Whitney U test
Loss of memory	p=0.226 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.150 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.962 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.196 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.097 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.116 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.984 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.190 Mann-Whitney U test
Rehabilitation	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.086 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.095 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p<0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.012 Mann-Whitney U test
RTA-related
Fault	p=0.109 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.659 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.393 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.322 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.657 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.537 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.024 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.461 Kruskal-Wallis test
Fatalities	p=0.953 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.541 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.618 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.762 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.147 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.157 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.343 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.421 Mann-Whitney U test
Compensation claim	p=0.072 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.140 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.005 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.178 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.031 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.367 Mann-Whitney U test
Obtained compensation	p=0.474 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.102 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.001 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.232 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.537 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.155 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.370 Mann-Whitney U test	p=0.607 Mann-Whitney U test
Type of road users	p=0.007 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.053 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.502 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.156 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.070 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.113 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.017 Kruskal-Wallis test	p=0.004 Kruskal-Wallis test

eISSN:: 1854-2476
Lingua:: Inglese

Frequenza di pubblicazione:: 4 volte all'anno
Argomenti della rivista:: Medicine, Clinical Medicine, Hygiene and Environmental Medicine

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Quality of life in road traffic accident survivors

Article Category: Research Article

Pubblicato online: 18 ott 2020

Pagine: 202 - 210

Ricevuto: 26 apr 2020

Accettato: 19 ago 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2020-0026

Parole chiaveroad traffic accident, quality of life, injury severity, health status, compensation

© 2020 National Institute of Public Health, Slovenia

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1

Sociodemographic factors and health status before the RTA.

Correlation between quality of life and mental health outcomes after the RTA.

Quality of life of the participants after the RTA.

Health status following the RTA.

RTA details.

Factors influencing quality of life following the RTA.

Parole chiave
road traffic accident, quality of life, injury severity, health status, compensation