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Strategies, Research Priorities, and Challenges for the Exploration of Space Beyond Low Earth Orbit

R. Craig Everroad
R. Craig Everroad
, 
Jamie S. Foster
Jamie S. Foster
, 
Jonathan M. Galazka
Jonathan M. Galazka
, 
Janet K. Jansson
Janet K. Jansson
, 
Jessica A. Lee
Jessica A. Lee
, 
Matthew P. Lera
Matthew P. Lera
, 
Imara Y. Perera
Imara Y. Perera
, 
Antonio J. Ricco
Antonio J. Ricco
, 
Nathaniel J. Szewczyk
Nathaniel J. Szewczyk
, 
Paul W. Todd
Paul W. Todd
, 
Ye Zhang
Ye Zhang
 e 
Lynn Harrison
Lynn Harrison
   | 05 mar 2024
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Article Category: Research Note
Pubblicato online: 05 mar 2024
Pagine: 18 - 40
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/gsr-2024-0001
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© 2024 R. Craig Everroad et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1.

Summary of future platforms and the likely increasingly complex organisms each can support.
Summary of future platforms and the likely increasingly complex organisms each can support.

Figure 2.

Summary of Questions of Importance. Evolution and cellular functions are foundational as they impact everything above. Biotechnology is applied and relies on everything.
Summary of Questions of Importance. Evolution and cellular functions are foundational as they impact everything above. Biotechnology is applied and relies on everything.

Organisms and Sample Types Proposed for Space Biology Research Beyond LEO in the Next 5 years.

Research Themes / Sections
Organism / Sample Type Considerations & Rationale SECTION A. Cellular Functions SECTION B. Fundamental Microbiology and Ecology SECTION C. Multicellular Physiology SECTION D. Plant Development and Physiology SECTION E. Host-Microbe Interactions SECTION F. Evolution SECTION G. Biotechnological Processes
Cell Cultures Mammalian and plant experiments are possible without experiment and hardware requirements necessary for vertebrates or large plants Mammalian cell culture Specifically, cell types related to the Human Research Program risk gaps Not applicable Organ on a chip Plant cell culture Organ on a chip (JJ) Open Mammalian, human and plant cell cultures Organ on a chip
Model Bacteria and Archaea Extensive published understanding of organism characteristics, often with flight heritage and established experimental systems Single-celled bacteria and archaea

Representatives of functional guilds of interest: photosynthetic, anaerobic, nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle, etc.

Stress tolerant microbes: radiation tolerant, spore formers, psychrophiles, etc.

 Not applicable Pathogenic and plant growth promoting bacteria Cyanobacteria

Open

more applicable to co-cultures and complex communities

Bacillus

Deinococcus

Escherechia

Pseudomonas

Salmonella

Cyanobacteria

 Single-celled bacteria and archaea
Model Eukarya Extensive published understanding of organism characteristics, often with flight heritage and established experimental systems

Single-celled yeasts

Arabidopsis

 Representatives of fungi and protists that carry out specific functions and/or are stress tolerant. Yeasts Small animal eukaryote e.g. worms, flies, fish Mus Green algae including Chlorella Moss species Arabidopsis Crop species as seeds and mature plants e.g. lettuce, tomato, peppers, maize Arabidopsis Crop species e.g. lettuce, mizuna, peppers Hydra Rotifers Chlorella Green algae i.e. Chlorella Yeasts and filamentous fungi Small animal eukaryotes e.g. Nematodes and Tardigrades Small plants e.g. Brassica cultivars, Arabidopsis Single-celled yeasts Filamentous fungi
Organisms Useful for Targeted Functions or Questions Studies of specific species, biological behaviors or processes of interest in spaceflight and BLEO; can include non-model organisms Engineered organisms e.g. with promoter-reporter constructs, fluorescent protein vector Nitrogen-cycle bacteria Oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria Sulfur metabolism Halotrophy and radiation resistance Chemo- and autotrophic metabolisms Open Pathogenic and plant growth promoting bacteria Plants suited for efficient food production (tubers, beets, microgreens) Probiotics for plants and humans Nitrogen-cycle bacteria Oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria Chemo- and autotrophic metabolisms Chemolithoautotrophs Thermophiles
Co-Cultures The effects of the BLEO environment on interaction effects between organisms in a defined and controlled manner Open Metabolic interactions of microbes and coordinated functions Symbiosis, commensalism and syntrophy Competition and predation Open Pathogenic and plant growth promoting bacteria Hydra and algae Model host-microbe symbiotic systems e.g. hydra and algae Organ-on-a-chip (human cells co-cultured with specific microbes) Plant-associated and plant growth promoting bacteria Symbiosis, commensalism and syntrophy Competition and predation Syntrophy
Complex Communities The responses of complex, natural communities to the BLEO and extreme built environment that cannot be reliably predicted from reductionist approaches. Combined phenotypes

Synthetic model communities Naturally-evolved communities e.g. soils, microbial mats

Cell cultures of gut, skin, plant with associated microbes.

Built microbiome (potential living space BLEO)

 Not applicable Naturally-evolved communities e.g. soils Gut-, skin-, plant- and built-microbiome Gut-, skin-, plant- and built-microbiome Termites Synthetic model communities Gut-, skin-, plant- and built-microbiome Biofilms
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