Evaluation of patient safety culture as perceived by nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic

Items	Mean ± Std	t/F	P
Gender a		−0.13	0.897
Male	2.85 ± 0.68
Female	2.88 ± 0.76
Nationality a		−4.399	0.000^*
Saudi	3.15 ± 0.74
Non-Saudi	2.76 ± 0.73
Hospital a		−0.401	0.689^*
KFGH	2.85 ± 0.74
EJGH	2.89 ± 0.76
Age b, years		7.917	0.000^*
20–30	2.89 ± 0.76
30–40	2.76 ± 0.81
≥40	3.32 ± 0.52
Marital status b		0.644	0.526
Single	2.82 ± 0.74
Married	2.92 ± 0.76
Divorced	2.80 ± 0.75
Diploma	2.82 ± 0.73
Education level b		2.767	0.064
Bachelor	2.94 ± 0.77
Master and above	2.46 ± 0.65
Years of experience b, years		3.760	0.024^*
1–5	2.98 ± 0.75
5–10	2.73 ± 0.74
≥10	2.97 ± 0.76
Workings department b		1.865	0.066
Medical	2.78 ± 0.75
Surgical	2.87 ± 0.50
Isolation section	2.88 ± 0.94
ICU	2.95 ± 0.72
ER	2.73 ± 0.75
OPD	3.32 ± 0.75
Delivery room	2.75 ± 0.82
Antenatal room	2.60 ± 0.50
Operation room	3.04 ± 0.76
Postnatal care	2.92 ± 1.00

Composites and statements of PSC	Weighted mean	SD	Overall Response
Perceptions of overall safety
Getting more work done never means compromising patient safety.	4.37	±0.73	Strongly agree
Our systems and procedures are effective at avoiding errors from occurring.	4.16	±0.82	Agree
Here, we have a very low serious error rate just by chance.	3.61	±0.93	Agree
In this unit, we have issues with patient safety.	4.18	±0.75	Agree
The rate of incidents stated
When a mistake is made, it is recognized and corrected before it has an impact on the patient.	4.18	±0.75	Agree
When a mistake is made but has no risk of injury to the patient.	3.61	±0.93	Agree
When an error has been made that could have a serious impact on the patients but it does not.	4.23	±0.91	Strongly agree
Handoffs and transitions
Problems frequently arise during information flow around hospital departments.”	3.42	±1.37	Agree
Throughout handovers, important patient care data is frequently lost.	3.82	±0.97	Agree
Patients in this hospital have a hard time adjusting to changes in shifts.	3.91	±1.04	Agree
While moving clients from one department to a different unit, things “slip between the cracks.”	4.19	±0.79	Agree

Overall PSC level	Mean range	Weighted mean range	No	%
Very Low	37 < 66.6	1 < 1.80	17	0.0540
Low	66.7 < 96.2	1.81 < 2.60	52	0.1651
Medium	96.3 < 125.8	2.61 < 3.40	134	0.4254
High	125.9 < 155.4	3.41 < 4.20	88	0.2794
Very high	155.5 to 185	4.21 to 5	24	0.0761

PSC composites	Mean	Weighted mean	SD	Relative weights	Level
Perceptions of overall safety	20.61	4.12	±0.48	0.8543	High
The rate of incidents stated	34.24	2.85	±0.87	0.5707	Medium
Handoffs and transitions	22.83	2.85	±0.86	0.5709	Medium
Staffing	19.45	3.57	±0.55	0.7134	High
Expectations and behaviors of managers that promote patient safety	20.66	3.89	±0.54	0.7779	High
Teamwork within units	15.54	3.11	±0.91	0.6217	Medium
Cross-unit collaboration	16.45	3.29	±0.75	0.6582	Medium
Transparency in communication	13.11	2.62	±0.94	0.5246	Medium
Organizational learning	4.32	2.16	±1.16	0.4321	Low
Communication and feedback on faults	14.17	4.10	±0.67	0.8263	High
Errors are handled in a non-punitive manner	92.72	3.54	±0.35	0.7086	High
Support from management for patient safety	20.61	3.86	±0.54	0.7726	High
Overall PSC	294.70	2.88	±0.76	0.5757	Medium