An Index to Measure Rural Diversity in the Light of Rural Resilience and Rural Development Debate

[1] Abson, D. J., Fraser, E. D. G. & Benton, T. G. (2013). Landscape diversity and the resilience of agricultural returns: a portfolio analysis of land use patterns and economic returns from lowland agriculture. Agriculture & Food Security 2(2), 1-15. Doi: 10.1186/2048-7010-2-2.10.1186/2048-7010-2-2Search in Google Scholar

[2] Ambrosio-Albalá, M., Bastiaensen, J. (2010). The New Territorial Paradigm of Rural Development: Theoretical Foundations From Systems and Institutional Theories.Discussion Paper 2010/02, IOB Antwerp University.Search in Google Scholar

[3] Anderies, J. M. (2006). Robustness, institutions, and large-scale change in socialecological systems: the Hohokam of the Phoenix Basin. Journal of Institutional Economics, 2(2), 133-155. Doi: 10.1017/S1744137406000312.10.1017/S1744137406000312Search in Google Scholar

[4] Anderies, J. M., Walker, B. H. & Kinzig, A. P. (2006). Fifteen weddings and a funeral: case studies and resilience-based management. Ecology and Society, 11(1), 21. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art21/.Search in Google Scholar

[5] Anderies, J. M., Rodriguez, A. A., Janssen, M. A. & Cifdaloz, O. (2007). Panaceas, uncertainty, and the robust control framework in sustainability science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104 (39), 15194-15199.10.1073/pnas.0702655104Search in Google Scholar

[6] Apeldoorn, D. F. v.d, Kok, K., Sonnevald, M. P. W. & Veldkamp, T. A. (2011). Panarchy Rules: Rethinking Resilience of Agro-systems, Evidence from Dutch Diary-Farming.Ecology and Society 16 (1): 39. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss1/art39.Search in Google Scholar

[7] Biggs, R., Schluter, M., Biggs, D., Bohensky, E. L., BurnSilver, S., Cundill, G., Dakos, V., Daw, T. M., Evans, L. S., Kotschy, K., Leitch, A. M., Meek, C., Quinlan, A., Raudsepp- Hearne, C., Robards, M. D., Schoon, M. L., Schultz, L. & West, P. C. (2012). Toward Principles for Enhancing the Resilience of Ecosystem Services. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 37, 421-448. Doi: 10.1146/annurev-environ-051211-123836.10.1146/annurev-environ-051211-123836Search in Google Scholar

[8] Bryden, J. M., Efstratoglou, S., Ferenczi, T., Knickel, K., Johnson, T., Refsgaard, K., Thomson, K. J., eds. (2011). Towards Sustainable Rural Regions in Europe, Exploring Inter-Relationships Between Rural Policies, Farming, Environment, Demographics, Regional Economies and Quality of Life Using System Dynamics. London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

[9] Cabell, J. F. & Oelofse, M. (2012). An indicator framework for assessing agroecosystem resilience. Ecology and Society 17(1): 18. Doi: 10.5751/ES-04666-170118.10.5751/ES-04666-170118Search in Google Scholar

[10] Chapin III, F. S., Walker, B. H., Hobbs, R. J., Hooper, D. U., Lawton, J. H., Sala, O. E. & Tilman, D. (1997). Biotic control over the functioning of ecosystems. Science, 277(5325), 500-504. Doi: 10.1126/science.277.5325.500.10.1126/science.277.5325.500Search in Google Scholar

[11] Chapin, F. S., Kofinas G. P., Folke, C., eds. (2009). Principles of Ecosystem Stewardship: Resilience-Based Natural Resources Management in a Changing World. New York: Springer.Search in Google Scholar

[12] Chavas J. P. & Di Falco S. (2012). On the productive value of crop biodiversity: evidence from the highlands of Ethiopia. Land Economics 88(1), 58-74.10.3368/le.88.1.58Search in Google Scholar

[13] David, P. & Rothwell, G. (1996). Standardization, Diversity and Learning: strategies for the co evolution of technology and industrial capacity. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 14(2), 181-201. Doi: 10.1016/0167-7187(95)00475-0.10.1016/0167-7187(95)00475-0Search in Google Scholar

[14] Di Falco, S., Chavas, J. P. (2008). Rainfall shocks, resilience, and the effects of crop biodiversity on agroecosystem productivity. Land Economics 84(1):83-96.Search in Google Scholar

[15] Ellis, F. (1999). Rural Livelihood diversity in developing countries: evidence and policy implications. Natural Resource Perspectives, 40. Retrieved from http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/2112.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

[16] Elmqvist, T., Folke, C., Nystrom, M., Peterson, G. D., Bengtsson, J., Walker, B. H. & Norberg, J. (2003). Response diversity and ecosystem resilience. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 1, 488-494. Doi: 10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0488:RDECAR]2.0.CO;2).Search in Google Scholar

[17] Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change 16(3), 253-267.Doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002.10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002Search in Google Scholar

[18] Folke, C., Carpenter, S., Elmqvist T., Gunderson, L., Holling, C. S. & Walker, B. (2002).Resilience and Sustainable Development: Building Adaptive Capacity in a World of Transformations. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 31(5), 437-440.Doi: 10.1579/0044-7447-31.5.437.10.1579/0044-7447-31.5.43712374053Search in Google Scholar

[19] Fonte, M. (2006). Slow Food’s Presidia: what do small producers do with big retailers Research in Rural Sociology and Development, 12, 203-240. Doi: 10.1016/S1057-1922(06)12009-0.10.1016/S1057-1922(06)12009-0Search in Google Scholar

[20] Fraser, E. D. G., Mabee, W. & Slaymaker, O. (2003). Mutual dependence, mutual vulnerability: the reflexive relation between society and the environment. Global Environmental Change, 13(2), 137-144. Doi: 10.1016/S0959-3780(03)00022-0.10.1016/S0959-3780(03)00022-0Search in Google Scholar

[21] Garmestani, A. S., Allen, C. R., Mittelstaedt, J. D., Stow, C. A. & Ward, W. A. (2006). Firm size diversity, functional richness, and resilience. Environmental and Development Economics, 11(4), 533-551. Doi: 10 .1017/S1355770X06003081.10.1017/S1355770X06003081Search in Google Scholar

[22] Heijman, W., Hagelaar, G. & Heide, M. v.d. (2007). Rural resilience as a new development concept. EAAE seminar Serbian Association of Agricultural Economists Novi Sad, Serbia.Last accessed 5 January 2012. Retrieved from: http://portal.zzbaco.com/mojo_baco/Data/Sites/1/docs/mono/EAAE/C/52%20SC%20Heijm an_Wim.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

[23] Hill, M. (1973). Diversity and Evenness: a Unifying Notation and its Consequences.Ecology, 54(2), 427-432. Doi: 10.2307/1934352.10.2307/1934352Search in Google Scholar

[24] Horlings, L. G., Marsden, T. K. (2011). Towards the real green revolution? Exploring the conceptual dimensions of a new ecological modernisation of agriculture that could 'feed the world'. Global Environmental Change, 21(2), 441-452.Doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.01.004.10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.01.004Search in Google Scholar

[25] Ives, A. R. & Carpenter, S. R. (2007). Stability and diversity in ecosystems. Science, 317(5834), 58-62. Doi: 10.1126/science.1133258.10.1126/science.113325817615333Search in Google Scholar

[26] Janssen, M. A. & Anderies, J. M. (2007). Robustness-tradeoffs for social-ecological systems. International Journal of the Commons, 1(1), 43-66.10.18352/ijc.12Search in Google Scholar

[27] Janssen, M. A., Anderies, J. M. & Ostrom, E. (2007). Robustness of social-ecological systems to spatial and temporal disturbances regimes. Society and Natural Resources, 20(4), 307-322. Doi: 10.1080/08941920601161320.10.1080/08941920601161320Search in Google Scholar

[28] Sachs, J. D. & Warner, A. M. (1995). Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth.NBER Working Papers 5398. Cambridge (MA): National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.10.3386/w5398Search in Google Scholar

[29] Junge, K. (1994). Diversity of ideas about diversity measurement. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 35(1), 16-26. Doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.1994.tb00929.x.10.1111/j.1467-9450.1994.tb00929.xSearch in Google Scholar

[30] Kempener, R., Kaufman, P., Stagl, S., Stirling, A. & Perez, K. (2009). Teresa - Diversity and Resilience of Rural Areas [Research report]. Brighton: University of Sussex.Search in Google Scholar

[31] Kinzig, A. P., Pacala, S. (2002). Successional biodiversity and eco system functioning (pp. 175-212). In Kinzig, A. P., Pacala, S. & Tilman, D., eds., Functional consequences of biodiversity: empirical progress and theoretical extensions. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press. Search in Google Scholar

[32] Kirman, A. (1992). Variety: the coexistence of techniques. Revue d'Économie Industrielle, 59(1), 62-74.10.3406/rei.1992.1403Search in Google Scholar

[33] Lietaer, B., Ulanowicz, R. E., Goerner, S. J. & McLaren N. (2010). Is our monetary structure a systemic cause for financial instability? Evidence and remedies from nature.Journal of Futures Studies, 14(3), 89-108.Search in Google Scholar

[34] Lin, B. B. (2011). Resilience in Agriculture through Crop Diversification: Adaptive Management for Environmental Change. BioScience, 61(3), 183-193.Doi: 10.1525/bio.2011.61.3.4.10.1525/bio.2011.61.3.4Search in Google Scholar

[35] Low, B., Ostrom, E., Simon, C. & Wilson, J. (2003). Redundancy and diversity: Do they influence optimal management? (pp. 83-114). In: Berkes, F., Colding, J. & Folke, C., eds., Navigating social-ecological systems: building resilience for complexity and change.Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

[36] Marsden, T. (2009). Mobilities, Vulnerabilities and Sustainabilities: Exploring Pathways from Denial to Sustainable Rural Development. Sociologia Ruralis, 49(2), 113-131.Doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9523.2009.00479.x.10.1111/j.1467-9523.2009.00479.xSearch in Google Scholar

[37] McCann, K. (2000). The diversity-stability debate. Nature 405(6783), 228-233.Doi: 10.1038/35012234.10.1038/3501223410821283Search in Google Scholar

[38] McCann, K. (2007). Protecting Bio-structure. Nature 446(7131), 29. Doi: 10.1038/446029.Search in Google Scholar

[39] McIntosh, R. (1967). An Index of Diversity and the Relation of Certain Concepts to Diversity. Ecology, 48(3), 392-404. Doi: 10.2307/1932674.10.2307/1932674Search in Google Scholar

[40] Metcalfe, J. (1992). Variety, Structure and Change: an evolutionary perspective on the competitive process. Revue d'Économie Industrielle, 59(1), 46-61.10.3406/rei.1992.1402Search in Google Scholar

[41] Metcalfe, J. & Gibbons, M. (1989). Technology, Variety and Organization: a Systematic Perspective on the Competitive Process. Research on Technological Innovation, Management and Policy, 4,153-193.Search in Google Scholar

[42] Naeem, S., Bunker, D. E., Hector, A., Loreau, M. & Perrings, C., eds. (2009). Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functioning, and Human Wellbeing: An Ecological and Economic Perspective.Oxford Univ. Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547951.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

[43] Nelson, M. C., Hegmon, M., Kulow, S. R., Peeples, M. A., Kintigh, K. W. & Kinzig, A. P. (2011). Resisting Diversity: a Long-Term Archaeological Study. Ecology and Society, 16(1): 25. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss1/art25/.Search in Google Scholar

[44] Ostrom, E. (2005). Understanding Institutional Diversity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, New Jersey, USA.Search in Google Scholar

[45] Quaranta, G. & Salvia, R. (2000). Peasant agriculture and part-time farming: use of resources and landscape effects in a rural area of Southern Italy. Medit, 11(1), 41-45.Search in Google Scholar

[46] Reidsma, P. & Ewert F. (2008). Regional farm diversity can reduce vulnerability of food production to climate change. Ecology and Society 13(1): 38.URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss1/art38/.Search in Google Scholar

[47] Schouten, M., Heide, M. v.d. & Heijman, W. (2009). Resilience of Social-Ecological Systems in European Rural Areas: Theory and Prospects. EAAE Seminar “The Role of Knowledge, Innovation and Human Capital in Multifunctional Agriculture and Territorial Rural Development”, Belgrade December 2009. Last accessed 5 January 2012 http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/57343/2/Schouten%20Marleen%20cover.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

[48] Simpson, E. H. (1949). Measurement of Diversity. Nature, 163, 688.Doi: 10.1038/163688a0.10.1038/163688a0Search in Google Scholar

[49] Stirling, A. (1999). On the economics and analysis of diversity. Mimeo, SPRU Electronic Working Paper, n. 28. Brighton: University of Sussex. 50] Stirling, A. (2007). A general frame work for analyzing diversity in science, technology and society. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 4(15), 707-719, doi: 10.1098/rsif.2007.0213.10.1098/rsif.2007.0213237338917327202Search in Google Scholar

[51] Ulanowicz, R. E., Goerner, S. J., Lietaer, B. & Gomez, R. (2009). Quantifying sustainability: resilience, efficiency and the return of information theory. Ecological Complexity 6(1), 27-36. Doi: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2008.10.005.10.1016/j.ecocom.2008.10.005Search in Google Scholar

[52] Van Der Ploeg, J. D., Renting, H., Brunori, G., Knickel, K., Mannion, J., Marsden, T., De Roest, K., Sevilla-Guzmán, E. & Ventura, F. (2000). Rural Development: From Practices and Policies towards Theory. Sociologia Ruralis 40(4), 391-408. Doi: 10.1111/1467-9523.00156.10.1111/1467-9523.00156Search in Google Scholar

[53] Wagner, J. E. (2002). Regional Economic Diversity: Action, Concept, or State of Confusion. Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, 30 (2), 1-22.Search in Google Scholar

[54] Wagner, J. E. & Deller, S. C. (1998). Measuring the Effects of Economic Diversity on Growth and Stability. Land Economics, 74(4), 541-556.10.2307/3146884Search in Google Scholar

[55] Walker, B. H., Gunderson, L. H., Kinzig, A. P., Folke, C., Carpenter, S. & Schultz, L. (2006). A handful of heuristics and some propositions for understanding resilience in social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 11(1): 13. Last accessed 5 January 2012 http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art13/.Search in Google Scholar

[56] Walker, B. H., Kinzig, A. P. & Langridge, J. (1999). Plant attribute diversity, resilience, and ecosystem function: the nature and significance of dominant and minor species.Ecosystems, 2(2), 95-113. Doi: 10.1007/s100219900062.10.1007/s100219900062Search in Google Scholar

[57] Waring, T. M. 2011. Ethnic forces in collective action: diversity, dominance, and irrigation in Tamil Nadu. Ecology and Society 16(4): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-04265-16040110.5751/ES-04265-160401Search in Google Scholar

[58] Wilson, G. A. (2012). Community resilience and environmental transitions. London: Earthscan. 10.4324/9780203144916Search in Google Scholar