<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<bold>Introduction.</bold> Inflammatory and coagulation factors are among the various factors that are involved in the development of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of combined training (endurance-intermittent resistance and endurance-continuous resistance) on coagulation, fibrinolytic and lipid profiles of overweight women.
<bold>Material and Methods.</bold> This was a quasi-experimental study of 36 overweight women, who were divided into three groups of endurance-intermittent resistance training (n = 12), endurance-continuous resistance training (n = 12) and control (n = 12). The training was performed during eight weeks, three times a week, and each session lasted for 80 to 90 minutes. Blood samples were analyzed for the concentrations of coagulation, fibrinolytic and lipid profiles before and after the completion of the training program.
<bold>Results.</bold> Fibrinogen levels, prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT) and platelet count decreased significantly at the end of the training in both intervention groups. However, serum levels of D-dimer increased significantly in both training groups. Also, the levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) decreased significantly, while the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased significantly.
<bold>Conclusions.</bold> Combined exercise improved most coagulation factors and lipid profiles at the end of the training period. Therefore, the results of our research suggest that a combined exercise program can improve the health of overweight women.
</abstract>

Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences

The Effect of Eight Weeks of Combined Training (Endurance-Intermittent Resistance and Endurance-Continuous Resistance) on Coagulation, Fibrinolytic and Lipid Profiles of Overweight Women

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<bold><italic>Introduction.</italic></bold> The present study deals with the effect of the duration of small-sided games (SSGs) with a floater player on the external (covered distance) and internal (heart rate) load of the elite female players.
<bold><italic>Material and methods.</italic></bold> The research group consisted of nine professional elite female team handball field players (age 22.8 ± 4.5 years) playing in the first international league for female players in the Czech Republic. Their height was 170.4 ± 6.4 cm, weight 67.7 ± 9.2 kg, and maximal heart rate 200.2 ± 3.3 beats∙min-1. The duration of the SSGs was 4 (SSG4) minutes, 5 (SSG5) minutes, and 6 (SSG6) minutes.
<bold><italic>Results.</italic></bold> The highest heart rate value of 177.2 ± 9.9 beats / minute resp. 88.5 ± 4.4% HRmax was measured in SSG5. The lowest mean heart rate values were measured at SSG6 of 172.01 ± 15.7 beats / min resp. 85.9 ± 6.8% HRmax. Most time 38 resp. 34% of the drill time, players were in the 85-90% HRmax load intensity zone of SSG4 and SSG5. There was a statistically significant difference in load intensity zones of 80-85% HRmax and ≥ 95% HRmax between SSG5 and SSG6 and p = .008 (η2p = 0.22) and .013 (η2p = 0.26), respectively. In the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) evaluation, there was a statistically significant difference in SSG6 and SSG4 p = .003 (η2p = 0.27) and between SSG6 and SSG5 p = .004 (η2p = 0.25). The total longest distance in SSG6 was 786.8 ± 41.9 m, but in the one-minute drill the longest average distance in SSG4 was 136.2 ± 21.1 metres per minute.
<bold><italic>Conclusions</italic></bold>. SSGs with a floater are a suitable means for training technical and tactical activities in handball with an overlap into fitness training in women’s handball. According to our results, the intensity of the load will not decrease if we increase the game time to six minutes and also the covered distance will not decrease during the game.
</abstract>

Faculty of Physical Culture, Department of Sport

Department of Social Sciences in Kinanthropology

Effect of Small Sided Game Duration with Floater Player on Internal and External Load of Female Handball Players

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<bold><italic>Introduction.</italic></bold> The Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Test-Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) is considered a valuable measurement tool in assessing specific soccer endurance. However, there is a lack of recent research validating this test with regard to match running performance (MRP) in elite-level soccer.
<bold><italic>Material and Methods.</italic></bold> The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of Yo-Yo IR1 in predicting MRP during elite-level soccer matches. The participants were soccer players who competed in the highest-level Croatian soccer league (23.57 ± 2.84 years, 181.9 ± 5.17 cm, 78.36 ± 4.18 kg), and they were all tested using Yo-Yo IR1 in the middle of the season 2019/2020. The players’ MRP (n = 71) was measured using the Global Positioning System over one-half season, and included the total distance covered, the distance covered in different speed zones, accelerations and decelerations. The association between MRP and Yo-Yo IR1 was identified with Pearson’s correlation.
<bold><italic>Results.</italic></bold> The results indicated that central midfielders and fullbacks achieved significantly higher results in Yo-Yo IR1 than forwards and central defenders (F-test: 29.80; p &lt; 0.01; large effect size). Higher results in Yo-Yo IR1 were correlated with the match amount of (i) the total distance covered (r = 0.65); (ii) high-speed running (r = 0.42); (iii) high-intensity distance covered (r = 0.36); (iv) total accelerations (r = 0.37); and total decelerations (r = 0.42).
<bold><italic>Conclusions.</italic></bold> The established associations between Yo-Yo IR1 and MRP in this study confirmed the validity of Yo-Yo IR1 in predicting MRP in professional soccer today.
</abstract>

Relationship Between Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Test-Level 1 and Match Running Performance in Soccer: Still on the Right Path?

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<bold><italic>Introduction.</italic></bold> This study sought to determine differences in the quarterly age distribution of young Polish volleyball players from the Sports School of the Polish Volleyball Federation (SS PVF), to investigate quarterly differences in anthropometric characteristics and jump test results.
<bold><italic>Material and Methods.</italic></bold> RAE of young players from SS PVF (n = 232) born between 1989 and 2002 was identified in the course of the research. Furthermore, the study included anthropometric characteristics and jump test results (attack jump – AJ).
<bold><italic>Results.</italic></bold> The chi-square test (χ2) revealed the overrepresentation of volleyball players born in quarters 1 and 2, both in the case of graduates (χ2 = 27.32, p &lt; 0.0001) and students who did not finish school (χ2 = 17.95, p &lt; 0.0005). Two-way ANOVA for unbalanced data for the Group factor showed significant differences in the value of estimated marginal means in the case of AJ (F(1,214) = 5.907, p &lt; 0.016) and body mass (BM) (F(1,214) = 5.348, p &lt; 0.022).
<bold><italic>Conclusions.</italic></bold> These results point to the need for better understanding of RAE in order to avoid dropping out or the loss of potential talent, which will contribute to even greater development of volleyball in Poland.
</abstract>

Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw

Faculty of Physical Education and Health in Biała Podlaska, Department of Sports Sciences

Department of Humanities and Social Sciences

Relative Age Effect and Talent Identification in Youth Volleyball Players from the Polish Volleyball Federation Sports School

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<bold><italic>Introduction.</italic></bold> Cycling is one of the most popular and practiced sports both in Europe and globally. However, management studies aimed at defining cyclists’ consumption behavior are still limited. The most recent contributions describe cycling consumption as an activity heavily influenced by the intensity and sociality of its practice but do not highlight the importance of expenditures related to participation in amateur cycling events and cycle tourism experiences. Starting from these behavioral dimensions, the article proposes an original segmentation of the sport and leisure market, leading to the identification of different profiles of amateur cyclists.
<bold><italic>Material and methods.</italic></bold> The research was conducted on a sample of 182 cyclists located in one single Italian region to ensure a high level of social, economic and cultural uniformity. The data was collected by conducting a questionnaire, and its resulting information relating to sport and consumer behavior was processed through a cluster analysis procedure.
<bold><italic>Results.</italic></bold> The results reveal the existence of five different amateur cyclists’ profiles (the parsimonious, the competitive, the ostentatious, the sociable and the experiential), each distinguished by specific behavior in terms of the intensity and way of conducting the sports activity and the propensity to incur different types of expenditure.
<bold><italic>Conclusions.</italic></bold> From a theoretical point of view, the results confirm the effectiveness of behavioral segmentation in the market of sports consumption. From an operational point of view, they provide useful marketing indications for businesses operating in the sport-system chain and destination management operators.
</abstract>

Sports Consumption Behavior: Discovering Typologies of Amateur Cyclists

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<bold><italic>Introduction</italic>.</bold> The aim of the research is to determine the structure of the day – the time devoted to various activities – of the inhabitants of large cities in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic, taking into account the workweek-weekend cycle.
<bold><italic>Material and methods.</italic></bold> Time budget studies – using qualitative research methods (structured interview, including self-reporting) – were conducted in December 2020 among residents of selected 9 large cities in Poland. The research was based on self-reporting by the respondents for one week. The results were analysed using three parameters: the average duration of the activity, the average time of performing the activity, the percentage of people performing the activity.
<bold><italic>Results.</italic></bold> The daytime structure of inhabitants of large cities during the pandemic included 9.19 h (39% day time) for physiological activities, 8.30 h (36%) for duties, 5.49 h (24%) for leisure time and 0.20 h (1%) for commute. Relative to the 2013 GUS survey, there was a decrease in the amount of time spent commuting to work/school (72% decrease), physiological needs (15% decrease) and housework (15% decrease), More time than before the pandemic (51% increase in the amount of time) was devoted to work, and leisure time was spent on sports and recreation (125% increase in the amount of time) and using mass media (16%).
<bold><italic>Conclusions.</italic></bold> COVID-19 pandemic and the associated restrictions have significantly impacted our daily lives and how we use our time.
</abstract>

Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences, Department of Tourism and Recreation

Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Department of Regional Geography and Tourism

Time Budget of Inhabitants of Large Cities in Poland During the Covid-19 Pandemic

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Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism

The Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism (ISSN: 1899-1998, e-ISSN: 2082-8799) publishes manuscripts in Polish and English encompassing external various fields of medical and health sciences, physical culture and natural sciences linked with sport, physical education, sports medicine as well as tourism and physical recreation.  The journal publishes the following types of papers:    original research papers (maximum 12 standard pages of typescript, including tables, figures, references and abstract),  review papers commissioned by the Editor (maximum 20 standard pages of typescript, including documentation),  short communications (maximum 3 standard pages of typescript plus one table or figure and up to 5 references),  letters to the Editor expressing an opinion on previously published manuscripts or a comment connected with the journal’s issues (maximum 2 standard pages of typescript),  news (information on conferences, abstracts of Ph.D. thesis and Post-Doc. thesis, book reviews, biographical notes),  advertisements that may be printed on separate pages of the periodical (prices are subject to individual negotiations).   Why subscribe and read   High standard of contents;  Good publishing quality available in both forms, electronic and printed;  The journal presents the views of all scientific disciplines dealing with physical education, recreation, tourism, health and fitness, and sport science;   Why submit   Indexed in abstracting databases and evaluated by Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education;  Fair and constructive peer review by experts in the field;  The journal is developing very rapidly;   The journal does not have article processing charges (APCs) nor article submission charges;   Rejection Rate   80%   Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process.  