<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> The article deals with folk superstitions (predictions, beliefs) common in Russian society, and the corresponding stereotypical expressions, such as: Кончик носа чешется - в рюмку смотреть; Не ешь с ножа - сердитым будешь; Через порог не здороваются; (when starting a journey) Присядем на дорожку, etc. The authors show that these expressions are used with a special phatic function: their purpose is to neutralize, to smooth the effects of an uncomfortable situation (something was broken, someone took somebody for someone else, someone hiccupped, any other unpleasant happening, etc.). Therefore, these folk expressions serve as sociolinguistic factors, optimizing the course of a dialogue. The author also gives examples of the “new” superstitions that imitate already known models and that were created with a special game purpose (like Ходить на работу - к деньгам). Examples from Russian fiction and Internet sources are provided. The facts of Russian discourse are compared with the examples from the Czech language and the national specificity of the superstitions is discussed in the article.</abstract>

Приметы И Их ВерБализация В Tрадициях Двух Славянских Народов : Культурологический И Прагмалингвистический Аспекты

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Ján Bosák’s passing away before reaching of his 80th birthday has given an impulse for a reflection on the ways of addressing people in Slovak, with special regard to vocative and non-vocative forms of the name <italic>Ján</italic> [Slovak equivalent of John]. The attention is partially also given to comparison with Czech – in contrast to standard Slovak where vocative forms have declined similarly as in the dialects of Central Slovakia, the vocative forms in standard Czech are still alive. Besides the use of nominative hypocoristic/diminutive forms <italic>Jano</italic>, <italic>Janko</italic>, <italic>Janík</italic>, <italic>Janíčko</italic> as common ways of addressing people, the study also mentions the use of a compound addressing with possessive pronoun in post-position (<italic>Jano môj</italic>, <italic>Janko/Janík/Janíčko môj</italic>) which represents a specific substitute for the vocative forms in Slovak. In addition, the study deals with the vitality of vocative case in Slovak dialects and in common communication. It also offers a few probes into “textual life” of the historic vocative form <italic>Jane</italic>, especially in ethnoculturally rare Slovak midsummer songs (e.g. <italic>Jane, Jane, Vajane</italic>) and in the spiritual poetry of Ján Hollý.</abstract>

“Here’s to you, dear Janko, on your birthday...” On the ways of addressing people in Slovak (and something over and above that)

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The article deals with the concept of interactive stylistics and sociostylistics as one of its subdisciplines. The interactive stylistics is explained as a transdisciplinary field of knowledge. In a way, the article is also a reaction to the stylistic views of Ján Bosák from the 1990s. The concept of interactive stylistics is incorporated in the trends of the Slovak stylistics in the 21st century. The article explains the crucial terms: interaction, communication, style, stylistic/style quality, styleme, axiological competence, principles that conduct, coordinate and control the process of stylization. Style is defined as the mode of verbal interaction which in a specific communication act acquires the qualitative value. It has a processual character. Styleme is a cognitive-pragmatic unit of the stylistic/style quality defined by its content, the inner and outer form and function. The paper presents a division of the theoretical stylistics into its subdisciplines and their research fields. Sociostylistics is divided into macro- and microsociostylistics. The concepts of macrosocial and microsocial communication registers and stratification of Slovak language are explained as the key concepts, which, stylistically understood, are the main areas of interest of sociostylistics.</abstract>

Sociostylistics as a part of interactive stylistics – getting back and perspectives

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>This paper is devoted to the explored aspects of the functioning of the different varieties of modern standard languages (here German in Austria and Russian in Belarus) as well as to the rather distinct terminology in this area. In this connection authors consider the terms “natiolect” and “regiolect” in comparison with the pluricentric languages theory. A special attention is paid to the problems of the translation specifics occurred in natiolect, especially to the problem of terminology and culture concepts translation. The problem of interlingual interference has also been taken into account. Authors emphasize the need to include these issues in the curriculum of translation and interpreting studies.</abstract>

The Problem of Natiolect in Connection with the Language Interference and the Specifics of Terminology Translation

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> This paper deals with several entries of the recent Slovak etymological dictionary Stručný etymologický slovník slovenčiny (2015) from the point of view of Winter’s Law. From this point of view, boh [God] (and, as the case may be, chod [motion, movement]) should have been originally borrowed from Iranian, koza [goat] should be regarded as a borrowing from Altaic languages, and sedlo1 [ settlement] as well as sedlo2 [seat] as borrowings from Germanic. Moreover, from the point of view of Winter’s Law, the etymological interpretation of modrý [blue] and nevesta [bride] should be considered as too broad and the one of pôjd [loft] as inaccurate.</abstract>

StručnÝ EtymologickÝ SlovnÍk Slovenčiny A Winterovo Pravidlo

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>This study interprets the forgiveness, pardon and apology formulas in pragmatic contexts. We focus on (a) their interpretation from the perspective of primary and secondary use and on (b) the discoursive success of verb-noun collocations, i.e. collocations of the apologetic verbs and nouns with a common attribute of ‘transgression’. We start from the position of the speaker who presents himself/herself as either the offending or the damaged party. In the role of the offender, he/she either makes an apologetic utterance to the addressee, or asks/begs for an apology, pardon or forgiveness. In the role of the damaged, he/she conveys forgiveness and/or lack thereof, or excuse and/or lack thereof, to the interlocutor. The study focuses on the use of cooperation and politeness strategies (in particular the maxims of generosity and tactfulness) and the public face (we anticipate that the speaker awaits an ‘egocentric’ attitude). The formulas of secondary apologies will be interpreted as a specific politeness strategy that reflects the emphatic nature of the speaker toward the addressee and maximizes speaker's tactfulness. We will show that the Slovak language possesses these functionally supported formulaic and ritualized formulas: phatic and reconciliation formulas, formulas with the ‘lack of understanding’ function, reservations and warnings. The discoursive success of the verb-noun collocations will be identified through correspondence analysis, which renders a correspondence map showing the perimeters of mental apologetic zones in the Slovak language.</abstract>

FORMULY ODPUSTENIA, PREPÁČENIA A OSPRAVEDLNENIA V PRAGMATICKÝCH SÚVISLOSTIACH<xref ref-type="fn" rid="j_jazcas-2020-0009_fn_001_w2aab3b7b2b1b6b1aab1b5aAa">1</xref>

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The paper aims to point to the presence of creativity in translation. First, it analyzes the translation process, in which it uncovers its creative aspects, and then identifies the creative potential of individual types of translation. It reveals the possibilities available to translators in order to apply their creative translation solutions. The above view of translation as a process and translation as a product presents translators in a role that is often questioned and even overlooked – the role of a creator, while complementing the assessment of their work from the point of view of law. How does the law interpret creative activity in the case of translation, and when is the result of such activity, a translation, protected by copyright law? Under what conditions can a translator become an author? The authors attempt to answer such questions with an interdisciplinary understanding of the issue of creativity in translation, which, from their perspective, deserves increased attention from both the lay and professional public.
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Creativity and copyright law in the process of translation

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The paper presents psycholinguistic personal case study in its character. It focuses on the analogous (hypergeneralizing) formation of nouns and verbs in the ontogenesis of children’s speech through the prism of linguistic principles. The basic research material is diary entries of 364 grammatical forms of two children aged 1;10 – 2;7 years and 3;8 – 4;5 years (recorded during the ten months in 2017), which are incompatible with the literary norm of the Slovak language. The basic starting point was the hypothesis that agrammatic forms in children’s speech can be categorized and explained on the basis of natural language principles, whose application presupposes a certain level in the development and functioning of logical and thought operations and the cognitive system as such. The analysis of research material enabled us to generalize certain tendencies in the ontogenesis of the morphological system in children, which lead to structural iconism, uniform symbolization, systemicity and unification of the word-formation basis. The application of the principles in children’s speech has proved to be specific – the child applies in his speech mainly the principles of analogy, naturalness and dominance. The limit of the presented longitudinal research is the small number of respondents and the very nature of the research problem, whose solution requires intensive contact with the child subject, a longer period of time and more extensive research material.
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Children’s analogism in the acquisition of morphology as a reflection of linguistic thinking

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This paper is a conceptual supplement sui generis, the aim of which is to present a modified treatment of proper names and deproprial expressions in the <italic>Academic Dictionary of Contemporary Czech </italic>(ADCC). The focus of the study is both a reflection on the past and current lexicographical practice and a discussion of the key issues related to the treatment of the respective lexical subsystem in the dictionary. First, we summarize the basic facts concerning the lexicographic processing of proprial and deproprial lexical units in the field of explanatory lexicography. Second, we provide some more general information about the ADCC and, most importantly, about the macrostructure and microstructure of the dictionary in reference to the topic of the present study. We focus on the inclusion of proprial and deproprial entries in the ADCC and the specific treatment of proper names contained in phrasemes. Special attention is paid to the microstructure of proprial and deproprial entries, as well.
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On the conception of proper names and deproprial expressions in the academic dictionary of contemporary Czech

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Construction Grammar (CxG) is an innovative approach to language that has become increasingly popular in the Anglosphere over the last 30 years. In CxG, the basic units of linguistic analysis are constructions: arbitrary and conventional form-meaning pairings, reminiscent of Saussure’s linguistic sign, but applied to levels of linguistic analysis beyond the lexicon. A large body of research has provided ample evidence in support of CxG. However, the theory remains unknown to many colleagues outside the Anglosphere.
In this paper, I highlight a particularly interesting strand of CxG that is referred to as ‘usage-based’, an approach that assumes constructions are learned based on input frequency, that is, through repeated exposure to and use of a linguistic structure (hence <italic>usage-</italic>based). The main aim of this paper is thus to demonstrate how corpus data can be analyzed to find evidence for ‘entrenchment’ of linguistic structures and thus, the existence of constructions. I will illustrate this procedure by applying so-called covarying-collexeme analyses to data from the Slovak National Corpus (SNC) and the Slovak Web 2011 corpus from which I extracted 785 tokens of the so-called Comparative Correlative (CC) construction (e.g. <italic>Čím viac čítam, tým viac rozumiem).</italic>
</abstract>

From Corpus Data to Constructional Networks: Analyzing Language with the Usage-Based Construction Grammar Framework

HOMOLÁČ, Jiří – MAREŠ, Petr – HOFFMANNOVÁ, Jana – JÍLKOVÁ, Lucie – KOPECKÝ, Jakub – MRÁZKOVÁ, Kamila: <italic>MÍŠENÍ ŽÁNRŮ, STYLŮ A DISKURZŮ V INTERNETOVÉ KOMUNIKACI. </italic>Praha: Academia 2022. 375 s. ISBN 978-80-200-3319-2

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This study attempts to sketch the vast problem of the construction of languages or construction within languages. So far, linguists have paid little attention to these issues, as under the influence of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, stressed especially by A. Schleicher based on Darwinism, they were considered understood and untouchable. Only later, especially under the influence of B. de Courtenay, H. Schuchardt and O. Jespersen, language started to be understood as a sociopsychological tool that allows conscious influence on its structure and evolution. After dealing with the topic of the attributes of language according to a new classification, the author then discusses the object of interlinguistics, which is presented according to the latest concept of the Gesellschaft für Interlinguistik (GIL). The following three overviews of important interlinguistics works with an emphasis on the construction of languages begin with D. Blanke’s book <italic>Internationale Plansprachen</italic>, which offers the reader the most extensive work on this topic until now, with an extraordinarily rich bibliography. Then there is a rather detailed review of A. Piperski’s book focuses on the construction of languages, and the author ends his extensive study with a short analysis of Y. Wahlgren’s work on fantasy languages, for which the moment of construction plays an essential role.
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Construction of languages as the interlinguistic problem

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The review states that there has been a higher demand practical corpus knowledge and skills in the recent time, where learning to use query tools requires a greater awareness of the interconnection of lexis and grammar. The revue values then the new textbook, workbook and glossary by James Thomas, who focuses on the domain of language teaching and on the work with Sketch Engine, a set of software tools, offering a wide range of services with regard to analysis into concordances, frequency statistics, co-occurrence patterns, contrasts ets. The reviewed books are aimed at teachers and students of English, linguists and translators. The review describes the books as witty, highly-readable narrative written by an enthusiast with vast experience in ELT, whose line of argumentation is very compelling and engaging.</abstract>

Sketch Engine: A Toolbox for Linguistic Discovery

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The paper introduces the ORTOFON corpus of spontaneous spoken Czech and the DIALEKT corpus of Czech dialects, their design principles and practical solutions adopted during data collection.</abstract>

New Spoken Corpora of Czech: ORTOFON and DIALEKT

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The paper describes the preparation and development of the text collections within the framework of MorphoRuEval-2017 shared task, an evaluation campaign designed to stimulate development of the automatic morphological processing technologies for Russian. The main challenge for the organizers was to standardize all available Russian corpora with the manually verified high-quality tagging to a single format (Universal Dependencies CONLL-U). The sources of the data were the disambiguated subcorpus of the Russian National Corpus, SynTagRus, OpenCorpora.org data and GICR corpus with the resolved homonymy, all exhibiting different tagsets, rules for lemmatization, pipeline architecture, technical solutions and error systematicity. The collections includes both normative texts (the news and modern literature) and more informal discourse (social media and spoken data), the texts are available under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license.</abstract>

Text collections for evaluation of Russian morphological taggers

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>We describe a conversion of the syntactically annotated part of the Slovak National Corpus into the annotation scheme known as Universal Dependencies. Only a small subset of the data has been converted so far; yet it is the first Slovak treebank that is publicly available for research. We list a number of research projects in which the dataset has been used so far, including the first parsing results.</abstract>

Slovak Dependency Treebank in Universal Dependencies

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Drawing on the ideas of many pragmatically based philosophers of language and linguistics, the author proposes a conception of command of language with regard to linguistic cultivation of language users. His approach to the problem may be summarized in the sentence that the cultivation of the mother tongue is adequate when it is in harmony with communicative rationality that originated from the fact that human beings are behavioural-actional creatures. The main point is that the rationality of communication is based on the function of the intention-emergent-mechanism; that is, we are in natural linguistic state if the working of this mechanism is not disturbed. The cultivation of command of language can only be successful as the developing of the natural linguistic state when the requirement of the natural coordination of the behavioural and actional linguistic competence remains in force, in other words, it is necessary to take into consideration that for the natural command of language is responsible the interplay of the not-knowledge-based grammatical disposition and the language knowledges.</abstract>

Linguistic knowledge and command of language

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Comparative Correlatives (CCs) are structures that have attracted substantial interest. In Slovak, they typically look like the following proverb:<italic>Čím bližšie Rím, tým horší kresťan</italic>.‘The closer (to) Rome, the worse the Christian.’So far, no extensive research has been conducted on CCs in Slavic languages except Polish [1]. In Slovak, CCs have not received a great deal of attention. Accordingly, this study examines the various forms of CCs in a Slovak National Corpus (SNC) random sample of 500 tokens, showing that there is much more variety than has been acknowledged in the literature. Frequencies will be used to show that there are iconic structures, and it will be argued that there are construction-specific properties that suggest the existence of a specific CC construction in Slovak.</abstract>

Slovak Comparative Correlatives: New Insights

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