<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

This study compared the temporal pattern of non-verbal behaviours (actions not directly related to task performance) in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) drivers under monotonous driving conditions following sleep restriction versus normal sleep. Seventeen patients with untreated severe OSA completed a 90-minute driving simulator task during mid-afternoon under two experimental conditions: prior normal habitual sleep (~8h) and prior sleep restriction (4h time in bed). Steering deviation and crash events were identified using a driving simulator. Non-verbal behaviours (self-centred gestures, non-verbal facial activities, postural adjustments, non-self-centred gestures and eye closures) were identified using video recording and a behavioural ethogram. Participants demonstrated increased steering deviation over the drive (p&lt;0.001) and following sleep restriction (p&lt;0.001). All non-verbal behaviours, except non-verbal facial activities, increased over the drive (all p&lt;0.01). Compared to normal sleep condition, the incidence rate was 2.1 times higher for eye closures (95%CI 1.75-2.60) and 1.5 times higher for postural adjustments (95%CI 1.29-1.72) following sleep restriction, while non-self-centred gestures reduced by 50% (IRR 0.53, 95%CI 0.36-0.78), all p&lt;0.01. In the 10 minute period prior to simulator crash events, eye closure frequency increased compared to equivalent periods without a crash event 2.1 (95%CI 1.4-3.8, p&lt;0.01). Kaplain-Meier analyses showed a progressive cessation of non-verbal facial activities leading up to crash events (X²=6.2, p=0.013). Although eye-closure appears to be a more sensitive marker of poor vigilance, behavioural observation could provide a novel further method for assessing vigilance failure in OSA and could assist in the development of novel video-based in-car devices for detection of driver sleepiness/ fatigue.
</abstract>

Behavioural observation as a means of assessing sleepiness related driving impairment in obstructive sleep apnoea

Napping on night shift: Powerful tool or hazard?

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Captive giant pandas are reported in the literature to perform stereotypic behaviours which are considered to be a behavioural indicator of stress. Although environmental enrichment techniques are commonly used to prevent and/or mitigate performance of stereotypic behaviour in captive giant pandas, evaluation of such techniques is rarely undertaken or reported. This study used behavioural observation methodologies to evaluate the impact of an enclosure rotation as enrichment on the activity budgets of two captive giant pandas, Funi and Wang Wang, housed at the Adelaide Zoo in South Australia. Instantaneous time sampling methods were used to record the giant pandas’ behaviour and location in each enclosure at 180-second intervals over a total of 180 hours (132 baseline hours, 48 post-intervention hours). Following the enclosure rotation, Funi demonstrated a reduction in performance of stereotypic pacing (from 11% of scans at baseline to 4% of scans post-intervention), as well as a notable decrease in frequency of performance of stereotypic somersaults with this aberrant behaviour ceasing completely on the 8th day of data collection post-enclosure rotation. Whilst Wang Wang’s performance of stereotypic pacing remained comparably stable across the study period (about 6 – 7% of scans), the enclosure rotation led to a marked increase in sexual communication behaviours and moderate increases in overall activity. Findings from this case study indicate that enclosure rotations may be an effective behavioural enrichment technique for reducing performance of stereotypic behaviours and increasing behavioural repertoire and activity in zoo-housed giant pandas.
</abstract>

Impact of an enclosure rotation on the activity budgets of two captive giant pandas <italic>(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)</italic>: An observational case study

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Sleep-Disordered Breathing (SDB) has been associated with possible negative outcomes, such as preeclampsia and foetal growth restriction. SDB screening tools have been developed for use within general populations. These included the use of self-reports and objective measurements. Seventeen pregnant women within their 34th to 37th week of pregnancy were recruited. Participants undertook an overnight study within their home and SDB symptoms were monitored using the Watch-PAT 200 and an infra-red video camera. The women were administered an online questionnaire comprised of the Multivariable Apnea Risk Index (MAP Index) and the Basic Nordic Sleep Questionnaire (BNSQ). More than half of our participants (n = 10) were identified as snorers while much fewer (n = 4) met the current cut off for diagnosis of mild SDB. Investigation of concordance and predictive value of self-report measures compared to standard video-scoring and Watch-PAT 200 determined SDB indicators suggests that self-reports may not provide an accurate assessment of SBD symptoms in late pregnancy. Self-report in this study, resulted in an underestimation of the number of participants who experienced SDB symptoms. This was a pilot study, with a small sample size. However, our study lends weight to others that found poor predictive value of common scales to detect SDB in pregnancy. Future study is therefore needed to validate screening tools, which may need to be a combination of measures.
</abstract>

Can pregnant women accurately report snoring? A pilot study

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Currently, obesity is a leading threat to optimal health and wellbeing in Australia. Offsetting risks of acute and chronic disease and disability, a balanced diet offers a sound investment against premature morbidity and mortality commonly associated with obesity. Demonstrated empirically to lead to weight gain, consumption of snack foods lacking in nutritional value (“indulgences”) threatens a healthy lifestyle and is as prevalent as 90% in some populations. Thus, finding strategies to counteract habitual snacking on “indulgences” is imperative. External stimuli (objects, events or people) can influence food consumption. Changing exposure to external cues may be used to reduce snacking. This case study (n=1) investigated effects of a behavioural modification intervention using classical and operant conditioning techniques to reduce snack food ingestion over one week. Specifically, modifications to situational cues including meal versus snack schema activation and a fixed-interval sweet reward provided a holistic ‘internal-external’ environmental strategic approach. One hypothesis was proposed; the intervention would be associated with a reduction in snack food consumption during the seven-day intervention period. Results indicated the number of snacks consumed was significantly reduced during the intervention. While methodological limitations precluded causal claims and strength and direction of relationships, evidence supported a behavioural modification approach to reduce snacking. Moreover, results demonstrate the complexity of human eating behaviours, Rather than attributing overeating to individual “choice,” findings highlight a number of situational factors that may be altered to reduce snacking on indulgent foods.
</abstract>

A behavioural modification intervention to reduce snack food consumption focusing on external situational cues: The case study you can’t read between meals without ruining your appetite!

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Split shift schedules which minimise consecutive hours awake and maintain adequate total sleep time per 24h may be a suita-ble alternative to long shifts. However, when returning to a daytime schedule (RTDS), performance and sleep deficits may occur as a result of changing the timing of sleep and wake periods. The first aim of the current study was to check whether fixed and rotating split shift schedules with 20h time in bed (TIB) per 48h minimised cumulative deficits in sleep, performance and mood. The second aim was to investigate whether RTDS following these shift schedules had a negative impact on sleep, per-formance and mood. Twenty four participants (10M, 21-36y) completed a 9-day laboratory study with two 10h baseline sleeps (22:00h-08:00h); one of three shift conditions for four 24h periods: one of two 6h on / 6h off schedules, (Fixed A: 5h TIB at 03:00h/15:00h, or Fixed B: 5h TIB at 09:00h/21:00h), or an 8h on / 8h off schedule (Rotating: 6h40 TIB); and RTDS with 10h TIB for 2-nights (22:00h-08:00h). Psychomotor vigilance was stable throughout the shift schedule period. Subjective sleepi-ness (p&lt;0.001), positive affect (p&lt;0.01) and negative affect (p&lt;0.001) were all significantly worse by the second 48h shift schedule period (SS2) compared to baseline (BL). Amount of Stage R sleep was significantly lower by SS2 compared to BL. Subjective sleepiness and positive affect returned to BL levels upon RTDS. Negative affect was significantly higher than BL upon RTDS (p&lt;0.001). Stage R sleep was not significantly different to BL upon RTDS, however amount of N3 sleep upon RTDS was significantly reduced compared to BL in the Fixed B condition. For all conditions, sleep onset latency, N2 onset latency and N3 onset latency were significantly longer during RTDS compared to baseline (p&lt;0.05). Consistent with previous litera-ture, split shift schedules did not result in cumulative impairments to sleep and performance. However, findings suggest that workers may still experience sleepiness and worsened mood. Switching back to a daytime schedule may also result in delays in falling asleep and also deep sleep
</abstract>

The impact of returning to a daytime schedule on sleep, performance and mood after simulated fixed and rotating split shift schedules

The art of train driving: Flexing the boundaries to manage risk within an inflexible system

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Volume 1 (2020): Issue 1 (October 2020)

Eat, Sleep, Work

The Eat, Sleep, Work Journal, is an internationally-run, peer-reviewed journal that is specifically designed to provide experiential learning in publishing, reviewing and editing for emerging behavioural researchers. The journal has a wide scope and readership base, and supports research communication for a broad audience. The journal showcases high quality research by up-and-coming researchers in lifestyle sciences, not limited to, but focusing on the relationships between sleep, diet, exercise, work, health and the environment. Publication and subscription are free. Our only condition is that you become inspired by the research and cite the papers in this journal. Each citation helps the track record of an early career researcher in our field!  We will publish work that makes a contribution to what we know about an area, as well as work that contributes to how we investigate and communicate this knowledge. Broad categories for submissions include:   New Scientists, New Science: work that makes an important contribution to knowledge  Lessons in Methodology: work that highlights the strengths and/or limitations of particular approaches to research  Analytic Techniques: Work that clearly demonstrates novel, commonly-used or rarely-used techniques in qualitative or quantitative analysis that may be of benefit to developing researchers  State of the Art: review articles expressing a position in a particular area  Calls to Arms: Work that highlights the need for research in particular areas  Mentorship: scholarly reflections on researcher development from the perspective of mentees or mentors, targeted for an audience that includes both  We will consider the following formats:   Journal articles  Short Reports  Review Articles  Case Studies  Letters to the Editor  We are also very happy to publish PhD thesis abstracts with short student biographies - we want to let the field know about our colleagues transitioning into post-study roles.  Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 

Eat, Sleep, Work

Volume 1 (2020): Issue 1 (October 2020)

Behavioural observation as a means of assessing sleepiness related driving impairment in obstructive sleep apnoea

Behavioural observation as a means of assessing sleepiness related driving impairment in obstructive sleep apnoea

Napping on night shift: Powerful tool or hazard?

Impact of an enclosure rotation on the activity budgets of two captive giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca): An observational case study

Can pregnant women accurately report snoring? A pilot study

A behavioural modification intervention to reduce snack food consumption focusing on external situational cues: The case study you can’t read between meals without ruining your appetite!

The impact of returning to a daytime schedule on sleep, performance and mood after simulated fixed and rotating split shift schedules

The art of train driving: Flexing the boundaries to manage risk within an inflexible system

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