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Simple, inexpensive, and rapid approach to detect changes in the structure of soil free-living nematodes

F. Semprucci
F. Semprucci
, 
L. Catani
L. Catani
, 
E. Grassi
E. Grassi
, 
M. Jakubcsiková
M. Jakubcsiková
 et 
A. Čerevková
A. Čerevková
   | 23 avr. 2024
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Article Category: Research Article
Publié en ligne: 23 avr. 2024
Pages: 85 - 98
Reçu: 24 juil. 2023
Accepté: 08 déc. 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/helm-2024-0001
Mots clés
© 2024 F. Semprucci et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Occurrence and morphology of possible cuticularizations in the buccal cavity: 1.unarmed buccal cavity; 2. stylet; 3. odontostyle; 4. onchiostyle; 5. tooth or teeth.
Occurrence and morphology of possible cuticularizations in the buccal cavity: 1.unarmed buccal cavity; 2. stylet; 3. odontostyle; 4. onchiostyle; 5. tooth or teeth.

Fig. 2.

A) Amphideal fovea: 1. undetected; 2. circular/rounded or oval; 3. spiral; 4. thin, narrow slit or pore-like; 5. large slite-like & S-shape; 6. funnel-shape; 7. pouch-like; 8. caliciform. B) Cuticles: 1. smooth; 2. annulated; 3. with outhgrowths; C) Oesophageal shape: 1. oesophagus posteriorly expanded; 2. oesophagus cylindrical; 3. oesophagus with basal bulb; 4. oesophagus with cylindrical corpus and basal bulb; 5. oesophagus with median bulb; 6. oesophagus with median bulb; 6. oesophagus with swollen corpus and basal bulb; 7. oesophageal procorpus broad posteriorly expanded, bulb-like isthmus short basal bulb.
A) Amphideal fovea: 1. undetected; 2. circular/rounded or oval; 3. spiral; 4. thin, narrow slit or pore-like; 5. large slite-like & S-shape; 6. funnel-shape; 7. pouch-like; 8. caliciform. B) Cuticles: 1. smooth; 2. annulated; 3. with outhgrowths; C) Oesophageal shape: 1. oesophagus posteriorly expanded; 2. oesophagus cylindrical; 3. oesophagus with basal bulb; 4. oesophagus with cylindrical corpus and basal bulb; 5. oesophagus with median bulb; 6. oesophagus with median bulb; 6. oesophagus with swollen corpus and basal bulb; 7. oesophageal procorpus broad posteriorly expanded, bulb-like isthmus short basal bulb.

Fig. 3.

Assignment of each genus in the four morpho-functional traits and creation of the data matrix based on their combinations.
Assignment of each genus in the four morpho-functional traits and creation of the data matrix based on their combinations.

Fig. 4.

nMDS carried out on both nematode genera and trait codes (Bray–Curtis similarity, untransformed data) from forest ecosystems in Slovakia. Factors analyzed: A, B) managed beech forest (BEE), managed spruce forest (SPR), and unmanaged mixed forest (UNM). C-D) BEE and SPR plots were stratified by stand age: 0–20, 40–60, and 100–120 age.
nMDS carried out on both nematode genera and trait codes (Bray–Curtis similarity, untransformed data) from forest ecosystems in Slovakia. Factors analyzed: A, B) managed beech forest (BEE), managed spruce forest (SPR), and unmanaged mixed forest (UNM). C-D) BEE and SPR plots were stratified by stand age: 0–20, 40–60, and 100–120 age.

Fig. 5.

nMDS carried out on both nematode genera and trait codes (Bray–Curtis similarity, untransformed data) from grassland types of various regions of the Slovak Republic. Factors analyzed: A, B) localities placed around Slovakia (i.e. Ľubietová, Stropkov, Telgárt, Vrbovce and Veľký Folkmár); C, D) type of grassland: NM (established during last 3 years), PM (covered with indigenous multispecies vegetation irregularly mown) and PP (with indigenous vegetation regularly grazed); E, F) period (May 2004 and October 2005).
nMDS carried out on both nematode genera and trait codes (Bray–Curtis similarity, untransformed data) from grassland types of various regions of the Slovak Republic. Factors analyzed: A, B) localities placed around Slovakia (i.e. Ľubietová, Stropkov, Telgárt, Vrbovce and Veľký Folkmár); C, D) type of grassland: NM (established during last 3 years), PM (covered with indigenous multispecies vegetation irregularly mown) and PP (with indigenous vegetation regularly grazed); E, F) period (May 2004 and October 2005).

Fig. 6.

nMDS carried out on both nematode genera and trait codes (Bray–Curtis similarity, untransformed data) from different maize-growing regions in Europe. Factors analyzed: A, B) country (i.e. Denmark, Slovakia, Sweden and Spain); C, D) maize Bt and isogenic (ISO) hybrids and E, F) period (year 2013, 2014).
nMDS carried out on both nematode genera and trait codes (Bray–Curtis similarity, untransformed data) from different maize-growing regions in Europe. Factors analyzed: A, B) country (i.e. Denmark, Slovakia, Sweden and Spain); C, D) maize Bt and isogenic (ISO) hybrids and E, F) period (year 2013, 2014).

Fig. 7.

k-dominance curves carried out on both nematode genera and trait codes from forest ecosystems in Slovakia. Factors analyzed: A, B) managed beech forest (BEE), managed spruce forest (SPR), and unmanaged mixed forest (UNM). C-D) BEE and SPR plots were also stratified by stand age: 0–20, 40–60, and 100–120 age.
k-dominance curves carried out on both nematode genera and trait codes from forest ecosystems in Slovakia. Factors analyzed: A, B) managed beech forest (BEE), managed spruce forest (SPR), and unmanaged mixed forest (UNM). C-D) BEE and SPR plots were also stratified by stand age: 0–20, 40–60, and 100–120 age.

Fig. 8.

k-dominance curves carried out on both nematode genera and trait codes from grassland types of various regions of the Slovak Republic. Factors analyzed: A, B) type of grassland: NM (established during last 3 years), PM (covered with indigenous multispecies vegetation irregularly mown) and PP (with indigenous vegetation regularly grazed); C, D) localities placed around Slovakia (i.e. Ľubietová, Stropkov, Telgárt, Vrbovce and Veľký Folkmár); E, F) period (May 2004 and October 2005).
k-dominance curves carried out on both nematode genera and trait codes from grassland types of various regions of the Slovak Republic. Factors analyzed: A, B) type of grassland: NM (established during last 3 years), PM (covered with indigenous multispecies vegetation irregularly mown) and PP (with indigenous vegetation regularly grazed); C, D) localities placed around Slovakia (i.e. Ľubietová, Stropkov, Telgárt, Vrbovce and Veľký Folkmár); E, F) period (May 2004 and October 2005).

Fig. 9.

k-dominance curves carried out on both nematode genera and trait codes from different maize-growing regions in Europe. Factors analyzed: A, B) maize Bt and isogenic (ISO) hybrids and E, F) period (year 2013, 2014); C, D) country (i.e. Denmark, Slovakia, Sweden and Spain).
k-dominance curves carried out on both nematode genera and trait codes from different maize-growing regions in Europe. Factors analyzed: A, B) maize Bt and isogenic (ISO) hybrids and E, F) period (year 2013, 2014); C, D) country (i.e. Denmark, Slovakia, Sweden and Spain).

Geographical location, information on sampling stations and methods used in the three study cases: forest, grassland and maize crop systems.

Charactersitcs of the study area Forest Grassland Maize crop
Reference Čerevková et al., 2021 Čerevková, 2006 Čerevková et al., 2018
Study Area Slovakia Slovakia Denmark, Spain, Slovakia, and Sweden
Sampling locations and coordinates Mount Poľana (48°37′ N 19°30′ E)

Hybe (49°02′N, 19°49′E)

Veľký Folkmár (48°51′N, 21°10′E)

Ľubietová, Strelníky (48°45′N, 19°22′E)

Stropkov (49°12′N, 21°38′E)

Telgárt (48°51′N, 20°11′E)

Vrbovce (48°47′N, 17°28′E)

Denmark - Slagelse (55°19′N, 11°23′E)

Spain – Seseña (40°05′N, 3°40′W)

Slovakia – Borovce (48°34′N, 17°43′E)

Sweden – Lund (55°45′N 13°2′E)
Environmental factors compared

Managed beech forest (BEE)

Managed spruce forest (SPR)

Unmanaged mixed forest (UNM)

Permanent meadow (PM)

New meadow (NM)

Permanent pasture (PP)

Bt maize

isogenic hybrids
Sampling date August 2019 October 2003 – 2004 2013/2014 (during the flowering phase of maize)
No. of plots sampled 15 4 10
No. of replicates for plot 5 5 3
Extraction method Baermann technique Cobb's flotation-sieving method Baermann technique
Total genera found 51 65 45
Type of soil Cambisol

Hybe: Podzol

Veľký Folkmár: Cambisol

Ľubietová, Strelníky: Cambisol

Stropkov Cambisol

Telgárt: Cambisol

Vrbovce: Luvisol

Denmark (Slagelse) – Cambisol

Spain (Seseña) – Luvisol

Slovakia (Bórovce) – Chernozem

Sweden (Lund) – Cambisol
Relevant environmental parameters information (pH, temperature etc..) pH: 4.69 – 4.93; C%: 9.10 – 9.71; N%: 0.76 – 0.82; C/N: 11.66 – 12.07 pH: 6.95-7-8.2; Cox 3.42-6.16 pH: 5.97 – 7.55; C%. 1.24 – 1.68; N%: 0.13 – 0.17; C/N: 8.68 – 13.11
Type of vegetation BEE: Fagus sylvatica L. Acer spp.; SPR: Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.); UNM: F. sylvatica, Abies alba Mill., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Fraxinus excelsior L., P. abies and Ulmus glabra H. NM: Dactylis glomerata L., Festuca rubra L. and Lolium perene L.; PM: indigenous multispecies vegetation irregularly mown; PP: indigenous vegetation regularly grazed Bt and isogenic (ISO) hybrids DKC3872YG (Bt maize line MON810) and its near-isogenic line DKC3871 DKC6451YG (Bt maize line MON810) and its near-isogenic line DKC6450

Results of Analysis of Similarities (ANOSIM) carried out to detect the potential occurrence of significant differences among the factors under scrutiny in each of the three study cases (n.s. indicates when significant differences were not found and abbreviations are as follows: BEE: managed beech forest; SPR: managed spruce forest; UNM: unmanaged mixed forest; 0–20, 40–60, and 100–120 stage age; NM: new meadow; PM: permanent meadow; PP: permanent pasture).

Case study Genus level structure Global statistic Pairwise Test Trait combination level Global statistic Pairwise Test
Forest ecosystem R = 0.29; p = 0.001 SPR vs UNM: R = 0.39; p = 0.001 R = 0.29; p = 0.001 SPR vs UNM: R = 0.40; p = 0.001
BEE vs SPR: R = 0.27; p = 0.001 BEE vs UNM: R = 0.27; p = 0.002
BEE vs UNM: R = 0.25; p = 0.002 BEE vs SPR: R = 0.22; p = 0.002
Forest age R = 0.15; p = 0.001 0–20 vs old forest: R=0.34; p=0.002 R = 0.16; p = 0.001 0–20 vs old forest: R=0.35; p=0.004
40–60 vs old forest: R=0.21; p=0.013 40–60 vs old forest: R=0.23; p=0.006
0–20 vs 100–120: R=0.19; p=0.02 0–20 vs 100–120; R=0.20; p=0.012
100–120 vs old forest: R=0.15; p=0.04 100–120 vs old forest; R=0.15; p=0.027
0–20 vs 40–60: R=0.14; p= 0.03 40–60 vs 100–120; R=0.14; p=0.036
40–60 vs 100–120: R= 0.14; p=0.04
Grassland ecosystem R=0.12; p=0.005 NM vs PP: R= 0.23; p=0.006 R=0.12; p=0.012 NM vs PP: R= 0.26; p=0.005
NM vs PM: R= 0.15; p=0.001 NM vs PM: R= 0.11; p=0.042
Grassland site R=0.24; p=0.002 Stropkov vs Telgárt: R=0.67; p=0.002 R=0.18; p=0.004 Stropkov vs Telgárt: R=0.55; p=0.002
V. Folkmár vs Stropkov: R=0.58; p=0.001 V. Folkmár vs Stropkov: R=0.49; p=0.004
Hybe vs Stropkov: R=0.50; p=0.004 V. Folkmár vs Ľubietová: R=0.44; p=0.004
Ľubietová vs Telgárt: R=0.47; p=0.004 Ľubietová vs Telgárt: R=0.44; p=0.002
V. Folkmár vs Ľubietová: R=0.41; p=0.001 Hybe vs Stropkov: R=0.33; p=0.032
Grassland date p=n.s. p=n.s. p=n.s. p=n.s.
Type of maize crop p=n.s. p=n.s. p=n.s. p=n.s.
Country R = 0.38; p = 0.001 Sweden vs Slovakia: R=0.53; 0.001 R = 0.28; p<0.001 Sweden vs Spain: R=0.52; p=0.001
Spain vs Slovakia: R=0.44; p=0.001 Denmark vs Spain: R=0.36; p=0.001
Denmark vs Spain: R=0.38; p=0.001 Sweden vs Slovakia: R=0.33; 0.001
Sweden vs Spain: R=0.38; p=0.001 Spain vs Slovakia: R=0.31; p=0.001
Denmark vs Slovakia: R=0.33; p=0.001 Denmark vs Slovakia: R=0.24; p=0.001
Denmark vs Sweden: R=0.23; p=0.001 Denmark vs Sweden: R=0.10; p=0.001
Year R=0.19; p=0.001 R=0.07; p=0.002
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