Micronuclei frequency | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | Dose | Cell line/time of treatment | |||||
A549 | HepG2 | HT29 | |||||
2 h | 24 h | 2 h | 24 h | 2 h | 24 h | ||
Control | 22.9 ± 9.5 | 31.5 ± 2.0 | 34.6 ± 3.4 | 26.3 ± 7.8 | 5.9 ± 3.2 | 7.5 ± 1.8 | |
X-ray | 2 Gy | 80.1 ± 5.2 |
155.2 ± 7.7 |
45.5 ±0.3 |
|||
TiO2 NP 21 nm | 10 μg/mL | 33.2 ± 6.9 | 26.8 ± 7.5 | 22.3 ± 8.8 | 27.0 ± 9.5 | 6.8 ± 1.0 | 8.5 ± 6.6 |
50 μg/mL | 22.5 ± 9.6 | 25.2 ± 3.7 | 24.6 ± 4.5 | 23.0 ± 4.4 | 5.5 ± 0.9 | 7.8 ± 1.6 | |
100 μg/mL | 25.5 ± 5.8 | 30.0 ± 8.2 | 24.5 ± 12.5 | 23.5 ± 6.4 | 6.1 ± 2.8 | 10.0 ± 7.2 | |
The mean number of γ-H2AX foci per nucleus | |||||||
Treatment | Dose | Cell line/time of treatment | |||||
A549 | HepG2 | HT29 | |||||
2 h | 24 h | 2 h | 24 h | 2 h | 24 h | ||
Control | 10.8 ± 5.7 | 10.7 ± 3.0 | 23.6 ± 10.8 | 7.2 ± 2.1 | 25.5 ± 10.1 | 26.4 ± 10.1 | |
X-ray | 2 Gy | 78.2 ± 10.2 |
87.2 ± 10.0” | 87.9 ± 3.4 |
|||
TiO2 NP 21 nm | 10 μg/mL | 11.2 ± 6.8 | 10.5 ± 3.1 | 21.1 ± 6.0 | 9.7 ± 4.0 | 25.4 ± 10.0 | 25.0 ± 9.4 |
50 μg/mL | 10.3 ± 3.5 | 7.8 ± 1.5 | 19.3 ± 5.6 | 11.4 ± 2.7 | 26.6 ± 6.8 | 23.7 ± 8.8 | |
100 μg/mL | 10.6 ± 4.1 | 6.4 ± 2.5 | 18.3 ± 8.0 | 9.5 ± 3.2 | 28.0 ± 5.0 | 24.5 ± 10.5 |
Treatment | Dose | Cell line/time of treatment | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A549 | HepG2 | HT29 | |||||
2h | 24 h | 2h | 24 h | 2h | 24 h | ||
Control | Viable | 99.16 ± 0.14 | 98.36 ± 0.16 | 97.63 ± 0.29 | 96.34 ± 0.43 | 98.03 ± 0.55 | 97.04 ± 0.69 |
Early apoptosis | 0.54 ± 0.21 | 1.34 ± 0.26 | 2.20 ± 0.30 | 3.22 ± 0.29 | 1.80 ± 0.56 | 2.61 ± 0-43 | |
Late apoptosis and necrosis | 0.30 ± 0.10 | 0.30 ± 0.08 | 0.17 ± 0.15 | 0.44 ± 0.17 | 0.17 ± 0.06 | 0.35 ± 0.09 | |
Staurosporine/24 h |
Viable | 32.48 ± 8.88 |
23.70 ± 5.33 |
20.20 ± 3.20 |
|||
Early apoptosis | 7.98 ± 2.33 |
48.20 ± 3.22 |
58.03 ± 4.98 |
||||
Late apoptosis and necrosis | 59.54 ± 3.99 |
28.10 ± 2.56 |
21.77 ± 2.37 |
||||
TiO2 NP 10 mg/mL | Viable | 93.07 ± 0.81 |
93.30 ± 1.20 |
93.20 ± 0.26 |
92.93 ± 0.64 |
93.13 ± 0.25 |
92.50 ± 1.46 |
Early apoptosis | 5.10 ± 0.44 |
4.70 ± 0.75 |
5.03 ± 1.03 | 4.53 ± 0.40 |
4.43 ± 0.75 | 4.17 ± 0.79 | |
Late apoptosis and necrosis | 1.83 ± 0.40 |
2.00 ± 0.46 |
1.77 ± 0.81 | 2.53 ± 0.26 |
2.43 ± 0.50 |
3.33 ± 0.81 |
|
TiO2 NP 50 mg/mL | Viable | 92.10 ± 0.80 |
93.93 ± 1.75 |
93.97 ± 0.65 |
91.13 ± 1.37 |
93.17 ± 0.78 |
91.83 ± 1.60 |
Early apoptosis | 5.97 ± 0.76 |
3.83 ± 1.33 |
3.97 ± 0.61 | 6.00 ± 1.15 |
3.70 ± 0.60 | 5.17 ± 1.40 |
|
Late apoptosis and necrosis | 1.93 ± 0.15 |
2.23 ±0.42 |
2.07 ±0.15 |
2.87 ± 0.35 |
3.13 ±0.25 |
3.00 ± 0.26 |
|
TiO2NP 100 mg/mL | Viable | 93.63 ± 1.20 |
91.87 ± 1.10 |
93.73 ± 0.64 |
90.87 ± 0.96 |
92.23 ± 1.46 |
90.57 ± 0.23 |
Early apoptosis | 3.97 ± 0.75 |
5.90 ± 1.47 |
4.27 ± 0.40 |
6.33 ± 0.91 |
4.70 ± 0.79 |
6.17 ± 0.65 |
|
Late apoptosis and necrosis | 2.40 ± 0.46 |
2.23 ± 0.40 |
2.00 ± 0.26 |
2.80 ± 0.26 |
3.07 ± 0.81 |
3.27 ± 0.47 |
Treatment | Cell line/time of treatment | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A549 | HepG2 | HT29 | ||||
2 h | 24 h | 2 h | 24 h | 2 h | 24 h | |
Control | 0.12 ±0.05 | 0.05 ±0.01 | 1.02 ±0.03 | 1.42 ±0.02 | 0.26 ±0.02 | 0.42 ±0.03 |
TiO2 NP 10 mg/mL | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.98 ± 0.02 | 1.43 ± 0.09 | 0.31 ± 0.01 | 0.41 ± 0.06 |
TiO2 NP 50 mg/mL | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 1.08 ± 0.07 | 1.37 ± 0.05 | 0.51 ± 0.05 |
0.63 ±0.05 |
TiO2 NP 100 mg/mL | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 1.39 ± 0.06 |
1.39 ± 0.03 | 0.37 ± 0.02 |
0.55 ± 0.04 |
Positive control: Jurkat cells treated with 1 mM staurosporine for 24 h : 39.89 ± 3.82 |
Medium | Hydrodynamic diameter (nm) | Polydispersity index (PDI) | Zeta potential 7.4 (mV) |
---|---|---|---|
Water | 356 ± 1 | 0.457 ± 0.04 | –15.3 ± 0.5 |
EMEM | 246 ± 1 | 0.193 ± 0.07 | –25.5 ± 0.6 |
F12 | 295 ± 3 | 0.220 ± 0.05 | –28.7 ± 2.5 |
DMEM | 300 ± 2 | 0.280 ± 0.07 | –27.5 ± 0.2 |